El Niño-Southern Oscillation

” presenting unmistakable evidence that mass bleaching was due largely in part by human activities (Veron). The event that occurred during the years of 2001/02 was also notorious for the sheer scope of widespread bleaching that took place across the globe. It was also during this event that “it had become clear that there was a causal link between the periodicity of global bleaching and changes in ocean temperature associated El Nino Southern Oscillation cycles” (Veron). On the United States’ government’s website, www.climate.gov, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration defines El Nino events as “the warm phase of a recurring climate pattern across the tropical Pacific- the El Nino-Southern Oscillation” (NOAA). These events cause a tremendous impact on reefs everywhere, as the warm water that is transported increases the rate at which widespread bleaching occurs, as well as increasing the number of reefs that are affected by them. The year 2006 saw a significant development in coral bleaching as although this year was not marred by an El Nino event, there was significant mass bleaching of coral within the Great Barrier Reef (Veron). The latest numbers estimate than coral bleaching has devastated ninety-three percent of the Great Barrier Reef (Kahn). As time progresses, these mass bleaching events will only become more devastating and effect more coral unless humanity begins to take real measures to limit the damage to reefs everywhere. Human settlements that live…

patterns that come in the form of a cycle as well. Cycles can also be Global climate patterns if they recur. A normal cycle ,which includes the seasonal cycles and Global climate oscillation this is a recurring cycle that happens globally or regionally,for an example El Niño Is also a Global. El Niño and La Nina is a event that occurs 2-8 years. These two cycles affect the whole global climate but mostly the Pacific and the coast along it. During the El Niño years the trade winds sweeping…

La-Nina is described as the opposite to El-Niño which distinguished by warm sea surface temperature in the equatorial region of the Pacific ocean. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is a change in air pressure between the western and central tropical Pacific. The pressure variability changes the strength of the trade winds, that results in affecting the surface ocean currents.. La-Nina and El-Niño are stages of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO is a series of consequent weather and ocean…

(Spalding 2001) This thermal stress response known as coral bleaching occurs and has been on a steady rise. (Brown 1997; Spalding 2001) Amongst the reefs that suffer such thermal distress are those that are found in the Caribbean- which only makes up less than 8% of the world’s reef systems. (Spalding 2001) A vast majority of reefs scattered throughout the Caribbean, even those that are protected, have undergone additional stress aside from that of human activities. (Spalding 2001) Such stresses…

These uneven distributions of heat slow down the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and affect local climates. Higher temperatures and lower amounts of salinity in surface waters are and will continue to change the MOC. Natural changes in the oceans climates occur at different time scales, causing climate events like El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Decadal Oscillation. This shows that the slow increase of heat in the Earths Ocean and atmosphere influence the strength and direction of its…

discussion includes how scientist are testing climate models to improve weather predictions. Battersby opening paragraph describes the “summer in March” a 10-day event happening in March of 2012 in North America. Rainstorms brought floods to Pakistan in 2010 and 2011. There was extremes of cold and heat as well. In February on the northern edge of the Sahara desert, the streets of Lybia’s were covered with snow. This is where the author gets the title from, jittery climate. The big question is…

The probable causes of this phenomenon would obey profound alterations between the atmosphere and ocean, which would be generated in the region of the tropical Pacific, causing abnormalities in the general circulation of the atmosphere with varied effects reverberating globally. The occurrence of this phenomenon results in climate changes, mostly accompanied by abundant rainfall, alterations in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, issue straight influenced and negative impacts on the national…

The surface trade winds drive cold currents from South America toward Indonesia and cold deep water wells near Peru. The winds and currents weaken, and warm, low-pressure conduction shift eastward, bringing storms to the Americas during El Nino years. As the northern jet stream that is normally over Canada splits and is drawn south over the United States. This pills moist airs from the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico inland creating intense storms and heavy rains from California to the Midwestern…

Penguins, are black and white, flightless birds that can be found in the southern half of the world. There is at least one species of penguins in almost every zoo across the United States. Most of the United States population knows what penguins are and a few of their characteristics, but what those people do not realize that this animal could be in danger because of climate change. Many believe that certain penguin species are in danger. Some individuals think that penguins have to live in…

reflect patterns in productivity, which are driven by climactic variability. Given the link between baleen whale migration and climactic variability, the study techniques now available and refined since the 1970s, and the availability of longer-term data on whale abundance and distribution, can baleen whales and their migration behavior be used to examine the biological consequences of interannual and multidecadal variability, such as El Niño and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and long-term…