Seawater

The amount of iodine in seawater is 0.06% mg/l, and the total amount of iodine in the sea is 93 billion tons, which is much more than the land reserves. The amount of iodine in seawater is mostly in the form of organic compounds of iodine such as amines and synthesis. There are many seaweed plants that can absorb iodine, such as the kelp, which is known…

In electrolytic chlorination (i.e., electrolysis), an electrical current is directly applied to seawater generating free chlorine, sodium hypochlorite and hydroxyl radicals. During the electrolytic chlorination process, a certain salinity level in ballast water is required or additional salt will need to be added. The hydroxyl radicals generated in seawater quickly form disinfection byproducts – like hypobromous acid, a highly effective biocide or germicide. (ABS, 2014) Disinfection…

oceans all around the world. This of course partially has to do with the overall warming of the planet caused by climate change. But, over time most of this carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is being absorbed by the ocean, where it then reacts with the seawater and forms an acid that is corrosive to coral reefs, shellfish, as well as a plethora of other sea life. This is known as ‘ocean acidification’. Coral reefs are most vulnerable to this acidification due to the fact that…

The purpose of this experiment was to analyze meso- and microzooplankton feeding. Largely due to size differences, mesozooplankton (>140 μm) are important exporters of carbon and prey for larger organisms, while microzooplankton (100–140 μn) are important recyclers of nutrients, dominant grazers of phytoplankton, and key link in the microbial loop (Conroy et al., 2016; Uitto and Hallfors, 1996). Therefore, understanding this relationship between zooplankton and grazing will allow scientists…

the 3rd most abundant in seawater. It appears naturally in a number of minerals such as Dolomite (CaCO3∙MgCO3) and as Magnesite (MgCO3) [6]. Magnesium can be extracted from dolomite with the use of ferrosilicon (FeSi) The dolomite is heated, in air, this produces both magnesium oxides and calcium oxides. The mixture of magnesium and calcium oxides is then heated with the ferrosilicon which forms calcium silicate and magnesium [7] The extraction of magnesium from seawater is a completely…

Extensive human and mechanical activities accelerate the rate and amount of seashore erosion and results in higher turbidity of seawater. Impact of shipbreaking on inter-tidal sediments and soils: Various refuse and disposable materials are discharged and spilled from scrapped ships and often get mixed with the sand. The scraps from the ships are staked on the sea shore, leaving…

will decrease, but this effect is negligible to the effect of reducing the bottomhole pressure. Maximum Buoyancy Method The previous method analysed is to displace the inside of the drillpipe to seawater to increase buoyancy. This is allowed providing that well control is maintained as the seawater pill later is displaced up the annulus. For instance, let’s say that we have an initial mud of 1.65 s.g. in the annulus which results in an initial differential pressure of 188 bar. The buoyancy…

production of carbonic acid which releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, the amount of carbonate ions which are necessary in the creation of coral shells and skeletons decrease significantly. (Australian Government, n.d.) Therefore, more acidic seawater impacts coral significantly, dissolving their shells and skeletons, and hindering their ability to absorb calcium carbonate. Ocean acidification not only impacts coral and the animals that rely on coral as their main food source, but the animals…

effected by environmental damage to vegetation, livestock, and to the health of the human body itself. Also, oil spills interfere with the normal working of power stations, along with the desalination of plants that require a constant supply of clean seawater. Many of the world’s people who live on the coast rely heavily on the fish market, not only for a food source, but also to sustain their economy. When the chemicals are released into the ocean, countries operation of coastal industries and…

antifreeze proteins] are antimelting proteins as well.” (Kaplan) Experimental lab studies have portrayed that the internal ice can be melted when exposed to temperatures of 4 degrees Celsius for one hour but this is far above the temperature for Antarctic seawater. The ice, which remains solid beyond its melting point, is called superheated ice. The discovery of superheated ice in these fish may be the first discovery of superheated ice found in nature. Field experiments have confirmed that…