Public finance

authorizing individuals to make decisions, holding these individuals accountable, and for these individual to be responsive to the needs of the community (Pitkin, 1957). Today, cities have low levels of democratic participation that hold elected officials accountable and authorize them to have the power to make a decision. At the same time, a majority of the electorate views politicians as beholden to special interests and big-money supporters who corrupt the political system, elections are ineffective at producing real political change, and public officials are more responsive to elites than the average…

Question 1: Economic Impact of Public Financing Public financing comes with a host of benefits and repercussions to the national economy, but is dependent on the level of government funding. Proponents of government funding the national economy posit that the programs supported by the government are invaluable and designed for the public interest, which may include infrastructural development and the education sector (Reinhart and Rogoff 574). Thus, government spending promotes economic growth.…

The Canadian economy suffered a recession from 2009 until 2013; as part of the Canadian’s economy action plan to reduce the deficit and revamp the economy from $55.6 billion. In 2006, the government’s priorities have been creating well-paying wages and decrease taxes for families and businesses. As a result of this strategy, the Finance Minister projected an increasing budget for $1.4 billion surplus in 2015 to 2016 (Fig 1.0), and $1.3 billion amount over six years, from the beginning of 2017 to…

Junk South Africa South Africa 's government bond yields have risen to their highest levels in almost five years as worries grow that the rating agencies could bar the country 's to junk status(-BBB) (Frankel, 2005), this is due to the ongoing drought, civil service wage increase and most of all corruption (Chand, 1999). South Africa’s economic growth has been slowing down and yet the finance mister Pravin Gordhan reduced deficit by cutting down government which means a further GDP slowdown…

for future growth. The Tax Increment Financing (TIF) Program is a special funding tool used by the City of Chicago to promote public and private investment across the city. This program exist, and can only exist, under certain political, legal and institutional conditions assured by the government. Funds are used to build and repair roads and infrastructure, clean polluted land and put vacant properties back to productive use, usually in conjunction with private development projects. Looking…

Noted that taxation can be effective for enhancing or improving economic growth performance, it is a critical issue that needs to be considered nationally and internationally. The economic growth of our country is determined by the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions, in other words it is the mother head. After a research done I understood that the higher the tax revenues are paid by both individual and corporates reduces investments’ rates and increases jobs. More money is invested…

containing financially distressed school districts with a population of 1,000,000 or more people must calculate and distribute their surplus distressed funds. Further, it provides municipalities with a State Comptroller and taxing districts in a tax increment financing (TIF) funding project area must have a calculation of contractual obligations and distressed surplus funds. Additionally, the school code amendment provides financially distressed school districts boundaries must notify…

As explained in Stephen Ceccoli’s Pill Politics: Drugs and the FDA, this formal change in the mission symbolizes the transformation of the agency’s priority to avoid Type II errors with the same diligence as avoiding Type I errors. While Type II errors can go completely unnoticed by the public, the environment in which the FDA was working during this time was hyperaware of such errors, following the AIDS epidemic. Prior to the AIDS epidemic and social activism surrounding it, it was nearly…

(TCO F) Answer completely all of the following questions: Why do state and local governments go into debt? What is a municipal bond? How does a municipal bond differ from a corporate bond? What is Net Interest Cost (NIC) and how does it differ from True Interest Cost (TIC)? What role does TIC play in governmental capital project financing? 5. (TCO E) What is the purpose of a tax system? One of the basic criteria that is considered when a tax system is evaluated is the equity standard.…

Does Ricardian Equivalence hold with when borrowing constraints are binding? Ricardian Equivalence, also known as Ricardo-De Viti-Barro Equivalence theorem, is an economics hypothesis stating that an increase in government borrowing to finance their spending may have no impact on consumer spending and aggregate demand. This is because consumers predict tax cuts or higher government spending to stimulate the economy will result in future taxes increase to pay back the debt. Therefore whatever…