Phylogenetics

Oxysporum is described as having no sexual stage. More recent studies have sought to piece together the genetic relatedness between different Vegetative Compatibility Groups, or VCGs, of F. Oxysporum. VCGs are exclusive networks of fungal strains capable of heterokaryosis via the fusion of somatic nuclei, and their interactions are the primary mode of genetic recombination in F. Oxysporum (Fourie et al. 2009). It has been postulated that heterokaryosis is the mechanism through which virulence is conferred. To shed insight on these speculations, Fourie et al. compiled even more comprehensive phylogenetic trees using the same loci from O’donnell et al.’s studies, in addition to another rRNA locus and a mitochondrial DNA locus, for 70 F. Oxysporum isolates representing 20 VCGs; regional data was also noted (Fourie et al. Table 1.) The phylogenetic trees, which were compiled according to the criteria of maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum likelihood were congruent to those of O’donnell et al., but displayed even more diversity in Foc, showing the same two distinct clades, albeit with a total of 8 distinct lineages. The three additional lineages contained strains which had evolved independently in different regions, with some including different formae specialis entirely. For example, Isolate CAV 1020 represented a new Foc VCG from Vietnam, though it was shown to be more related to non-pathogenic isolates than to pathogenic Foc VCGs (Fourie et…

All these methods are used to understand the evolution of a taxa. They all offer different views and results of the same data. When all are used in conjunction with one another they can paint the full picture of how the evolution process works within a certain taxon. Phylogenetics can be a powerful tool when trying to understand data gathered from an archaeological sites. Through the use of phylogenetics the evolutionary process can be teased out of the archaeological record. Just as…

the species within Sphyrna by utilizing “matrix representation with parsimony” to produce a phylogenetic supertree. In order to produce an accurate supertree, he applied morphological data regarding the evolution of the cephalofoil and he examined the likely adaptive implication of the unique hammerhead morphology. Cavalcanti discussed that the cephalofoil allows better maneuverability in the water by providing hydrodynamic lift, similar to the aerodynamic lift of an airplane cruising through…

Phylogeny of Sphyrna- Hammerhead Sharks INTRODUCTION I will be investigating the phylogenetic history of Sphyrna, a genus of hammerhead sharks. The eight species that fall under this genus are Sphyrna corona (scalloped bonnethead), Sphyrna gilberti (Carolina hammerhead), Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead), Sphyrna media (scoophead), Sphyrna mokarran (great hammerhead), Sphyrna tiburo (bonnethead), Sphyrna tudes (smalleye hammerhead), and Sphyrna zygaena (smooth hammerhead). Hammerhead sharks…

The Canary Islands consist of seven volcanic islands that are west of Africa and make up an archipelago. The name of these islands are Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, Palma, and Hierro. These islands are home to three different species of lizards called G. atlantica, G. stehlini, and G. galloti (Lab Manual: Lab 6: Island Biogeography and Evolution: Solving A Phylogenetic Puzzle Using Molecular Genetics). The Canary Islands were named the Fortunate Islands by the…

we have uses 16S rDNA sequences from all of 21 samples which are positives in either Dorsch or Cascón method. We also include our samples which do not produce amplicon using both Dorsch and Cascón method. The phylogenetic analysis also included 11 different Aeromonas species from GenBank and one species Tolumonas auensis strain DSM 9187 as an out group. Then, the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on multiple alignment result on 16S rDNA regions, using Neighbor-Joining method. The result…

Finding species-specific markers within the genomes of organisms has proven to be an important practice in determining the dividing lines between species. Much of the subject of molecular genetics involves the determination of ancestry as well as common ancestry between species. Using molecular genetics, the concept of phylogenetic species has proven to be one of the more effective methods of differentiating between the species. For example, while other species classifier methods have had…

order to be able to survive in such regions. One major characteristic of these regions is due to the constant wave motion of the seas in coastal regions. Hence, life forms such as Arthropods and Mollusks, predominant life forms present in these coastal regions, adapt and specialize to be able to thrive in such an environment. Both Arthropods and Mollusks fall under the Kingdom Animalia, also known as Metazoans and both are Protostomes. Both of these phyla evolved at roughly the same time period…

(Figure 1) Tests for relationships/directional trends Figure.2 shows the tests of relationship between bioluminescence and toxicity (cyanide gland area) with phylogenetic distance from the root. A and C are the relationships for luminescent millipedes, while B and D are graphs for non-luminescent millipedes. What did they find? Results of DNA analysis The results showed that X.bistipita actually belonged in the Motyxia genus and was renamed accordingly. The results also seemed to show that…

monkeys, has been controversial because studies have failed to agree on what characteristics make these species separate or have failed to present complete taxonomic data. Additionally, researchers found little agreement between the sequence data and the previous taxonomic data, to infer phylogenetic relationships. The researchers who performed this study used mitochondrial DNA sequence data in hopes of showing that A. geoffroyi and another spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) form two separate…