Phylogenetics

3. Results 3.1 Cloning and phylogenetic analysis B. bigemina Argentina strain was used to obtain genomic and cDNA for PCR with primers BbigAMA-1 F and R to amplify the AMA-1 gene. The sequences had an identical length from both templates and of the estimated size according to primers' design (not shown). The nucleotide sequencing analysis presented a 1988-bp long gene (gene bank accession number: AB481200) and encoded a 595-amino acid peptide (gene bank accession number: BAH22706) (Fig. 1)…

maximum vessel length increases with the mean vessel diameter of shrubs, lianas, and trees. Lastly, it was determined that the xylem vessel length was not phylogenetically conserved. This was determined through the use of a phylogenetic program. Fig. 5 shows the phylogenetic tree constructed to extrapolate their conclusion. Fig. 5 supports the conclusion by showing the wide differences within the plant length between relatively close families. If the vessel length were phylogenetically conserved…

Comparative methods using maximum likelihood in phylogeny were constructed using RAxML 7.0.4, and different phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test for correlated evolutionary traits in Poeciliidae (Pollux et al., 2014). For one, the comparative method is applied to examine the potential conflict-driven shifts in sexual selection associated with the evolution…

to use these microsatellite sequences to generate a phylogenetic tree for Y chromosome, and researchers did that in 2002: by using the polymorphism mutations exist in the non-recombining region of Y chromosome, the researchers made a phylogenetic tree for 153 Y chromosome haplogroups, which helps other researchers to further study the Y chromosome evolution (Y Chromosome Consortium 2002). Then in 2003 researchers used the generated phylogenetic tree to construct a map that showed the…

In the experiment performed in zoological parks using the adapted Five Factor Model + Dominance, six clearly defined factors were determined, and each of the factors was compared to the human factor model. It was discovered that the strongest chimpanzee personality factor was not one of the human Big Five, but accounted for the dominance factor in chimpanzees. The remaining, original five factors bore a striking resemblance to the human Big Five (King & Figueredo, 1997). Similarly, dominance was…

between organisms inferred from physical and genetic traits.18For instance, it is inferred that humans are related to hominids due to similar traits19, and that dogs are related to wolves.20 Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that represent the possible evolutionary relationships between different species. While phylogenetic trees are diagrams usually showing actual evolutionary relationships, cladograms are diagrams that show arbitrary and hypothesized evolutionary relationships.21 Comparative…

make proteins. However, there are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Whilst the prokaryotic/ eukaryotic classification system is useful, it has to be acknowledged that it is flawed. Another system is the Phylogenetic tree of life, also known as the three domain system (Woese, 1985). This uses ribosomal sequencing to place organisms in to three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes. This essay will explore which system is more useful in categorising…

of appetite, weakness) (Knowles, 1988). The taxonomy of B. equi remains controversial, based in part on finding an extra-erythrocytic stage within equine lymphocyte, B. equi was reclassified as T. equi (Mehlhorn and Schine, 1998). Molecular phylogenetic investigations indicated that the organism possesses characteristics of both babesia and theileria lineages, possibly placing it between the two (Allsopp et al.,…

D.Yang, Y.Oyaizu, H. Oyaizu, G.J. Olsen, and C. R. Woese. 1985 Mitochondrial origins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82, 4443-4447. 2. Sanjur OI, Piperno DR, Andres TC, Wessel-Beaver L. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a Mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 99, 535–540. 3…

The index points to the commentary after it talks about a disgusting maggot: “maggot of extinct fly that once bred in mammoths and is thought to have hastened their phylogenetic end, 247” (Nabokov 306). Once again, when examining line 247 commentary, one finds that Botkin is not explicitly in the scene. Instead, the text describes the feelings that Sybil, the poet Shade’s wife, has for Kinbote: “[f]rom the very first I…