Phenotype

In the science field, a lot of the time research can be portrayed differently in popular press articles, for example newspaper or magazine articles, compared to the scientific article published from a peer-reviewed journal. Sometimes newspaper or magazine articles can forget or exaggerate certain results. This is why it is always important to read not only the popular press literature but also to read the material from which the popular press got its information. The journal article I chose to…

Being a teenager means making decisions about your life that you don’t yet feel ready for. Choosing Nursing was one of these decisions and I made it after weeks of consideration. I decided on Nursing in late high school which was good because it allowed me to choose A-level subjects that would complement the course. Biology is a necessity as it is the study of living organisms. It has given me an understanding of the basic principles of life. Eg: As a nurse I will have to take patient's blood…

1.1 Lower Back Pain due to IVD degeneration Lower Back Pain(LBP) is broadly recognised as the single leading cause of disability in the world. It affects about 60-80% of the adult population and is a socioeconomic burden in the developed society today (Krock et al.2015). In the UK, approximately £12 billion is spent in the treatment of LBP, lost work days and social benefits (Maniadakis and Gray, 2000). A worse detrimental economic loss can be observed in the USA almost totalling $85 billion…

Charles Darwin is very well known for his theories on evolution and most importantly his three principles of evolution by natural selection. Darwin’s first principle is that a variation exists within populations. Some examples of variations include body size, bone structure, tooth size, hair thickness, shape of the rib cage and position of the foramen magnum. In Evolution, Dr. Alice Roberts provides examples of early hominins and how their physical makeups were reconstructed by archeologists…

The prevalence of racial intermarriage has caused the blending of skin color and phenotypes, making discerning each person’s casta based on appearance very difficult. The Spanish hierarchy makes this easier by assigning certain material culture for each race. In the second painting I sent, De lobo y india, albarasado, my good friend Cabrera…

Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive, degenerative multisystem disease. This is the most common autosomally inherited ataxia with an early age of onset and heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. FRDA patients predominantly show gradual deterioration of nervous system followed by cardiomyopathy and diabetes (Parkinson et al. 2013). The prevalence estimates vary greatly between 1 in 20 000 to 1 in 330 000 depending on the geographic region (Vankan 2013). The majority of the patients (98%) have…

Results Design of the RNAi vector The PMT gene family is well conserved among the Solanales. There are five genes in the PMT gene family (PMT1 to PMT5) which differ in the exon 1 sequence due to the insertion of a variable number of 33 nucleotide repeats. This makes the first exon as an ideal region for the design of gene specific RNAi trigger sequence (Fig 1A). Full-length sequences are available for four PMT genes (PMT1 to PMT4) whereas only the sequence of exon1 is known for PMT5 which…

Introduction Nucleotide is a building block for deoxyribose nucleic acids which is called DNA that has four base units,adenin(A) ,thymine(T) ,guanine(G), cytosine(C). The nucleotides can bond with their base pairs(A=T,G=C) to form a linear strand that is supported by sugar-phosphate backbone. In the linear strand, some of three base sequence is a codon and each codon is related to an amino acid. These codons come together in a linear sequence and create a gene. Gene can be called as cipher that…

shows that certain genes will be displayed over/before others. (2) Epigenetics is the study of the phenomenon that certain genes could be expressed within an individual whilst others are suppressed. This is the idea of being able to change your phenotype without affecting/changing your genotype in any way. (1) There can be a great many things that will influence epigenetics (to many to count) some having a positive outcome, other ending up more negative. There are also different types of…

For my final essay, I have chosen to describe, what I feel, are the five most important experiments on DNA as our hereditary material and its structure. I will also give a brief bio on the scientists in each experiment. For the five experiments, I have chosen the following: Meischer and the discovery of DNA, Griffith and the discovery of the phenomena transformation property, Hammerling and the discovery of cell nucleus role in reproduction, and Hershey-Chase for their conformation that DNA…