Optic nerve

Congenital optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a condition in which one or both optic nerves are not fully developed, giving the appearance of abnormally small, pale optic nerve heads upon fundus examination (AAPOS, n.d.). In comparison to the size of the disc, the retinal blood vessels appear larger than normal, when in actuality the vasculature is of normal caliber (Kaur et al, 2013). This non-progressive developmental abnormality is typically characterized by a combination of neurological, behavioral, endocrine, and visual impairments without predilection for a particular sex, race, or socio-economic status (Kaur et al; Johnson, 2005). The prevalence of ONH in infants with severe vision loss, including blindness, is approximately 15-25 percent…

Introduction Also known as the second cranial nerve, or CN II, the optic nerve is the second of twelve cranial nerves. Although located at the back of the eye, the optic nerve is considered a part of the central nervous system due to its role in visual integration and function. The optic nerve transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses. Made of about 1.7 million retinal ganglion cell axons, or nerve cells, the optic nerve encompasses…

Student Name: Lucy Yarnold Topic: Neuroanatomy Paper Title: Jeuring, R., Van Driessche, K., Bosseler, L., Devries, C., Vanhaesebrouck, A., Gielen, I., Oevermann, A. and Chiers, K. (2012) 'Intracranial oligodendroglioma with optic nerve infiltration in a Labrador retriever '13, Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 81(5), 298-302. [4] Clinical condition and description of presentation: A Labrador retriever was presented with complaints of behavioural changes, starting 4 weeks previously. These…

a pipe saying that it helps with glaucoma too. But is any of this true? Yes and no. Glaucoma does not affect the pressure in your head known as intracranial pressure or ICP. What it does affect is the pressure that is put onto the optic nerve, this type of pressure is call intraocular pressure or IOP. There are several different types of glaucoma that can have different symptoms and treatments. Although this happens mostly in adults over the age of sixty, it can happen at any…

INTRODUCTION The lamina cribrosa (LC) within the scleral canal in the optic nerve head (ONH) is thought to be the primary site of axonal insult in glaucoma.1-3 It is of interest in glaucoma to understand the anatomy of the LC and surrounding tissues and how they change with aging and disease. LC has been investigated using a variety of methods, including histologic section,4,5 detergent digestion of surrounding tissues6,7 and finite element modeling.8,9 In human glaucomatous eyes, LC…

Glaucoma is a physical aspect of increased pressure on the optic nerve, which transfers to the brain, identifies it. The pressure could cause the damage for a foundation of vision loss. There is no exact know cause of the increased pressure other than genetics, rather than a combination of factors that could lead to early onset or risk for aggressive progression of the disease (Cascella, Strafella, Germani, Novelli, Ricci, Zampatti and Giardina, 2015). There are theories of risk factors that can…

Acoustic Neuroma and Optic Nerve Glioma The brain is a superhighway of complex and intricate systems that control every function of the human body, but what if something goes wrong? These are the cases of two interesting problems; Optic Nerve Gliomas and Acoustic Neuromas. Two forms of brain tumors that directly affect some of the body's most important functions sight, hearing, and balance. These tumors can affect the body beyond those in many adverse ways. Acoustic Neuromas, or AN’s for the…

Open-Angle Glaucoma According to the authors Ramdas, Wolfs, Kiefte-de Jong, Hofman, and de Jong (2013) of the article "Nutrient Intake and Risk of Open-Angle Glaucoma: The Rotterdam Study", Open-Angle Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to glaucomatous optic neuropathy and eventually, through glaucomatous visual field loss, to the loss of sight. It is also the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increased intraocular pressure, oxidative stress, and…

flashes, missing or blacked out areas of vision), and muscle weakness (Cunha, n.d.). Ciliary Body Reactions. This reaction is based on the amount of medication that the patient has taken, but there is therapy to stop the damage. (Food and Drug Administration, 2006.) Corneal Reactions. The reactions affecting the corneal changes will be accompanied by blurred vision and photophobia. Therapy will help the cornea, and deposits may disappear as early as three weeks after the first treatment (Food…

Glaucoma Glaucoma is a condition caused by high pressure inside the eye. The pressure in the eye is raised because fluid (aqueous humor) within the eye cannot get out through the normal drainage system. The increased pressure can cause damage to the nerves of the eye. This can result in loss of vision. It is important to diagnose glaucoma early before damage occurs. Early treatment can often prevent vision loss. There are two main types of glaucoma: • Open-angle glaucoma. This is a chronic…