Optic nerve

Latissimus Dorsi T7 - L5 vertebrae spinous process, the iliac crest of sacrum, the thoracolumbar fascia, the inferior angle of scapula, and lower 3-4 ribs. Intertubercular groove floor. Extends and medially rotates arm. Triceps Brachii Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Lateral head: posterolateral humerus and lateral intermuscular septum; Medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior half of humerus. Ulna olecranon process. Extension of the forearm and long head. Deltoids…

Electrical stimulation: Eight self-adhesive 7x13 cm oval carbon electrodes were adhered to the skin over the quadriceps and hamstring muscles (four electrodes per leg). These muscles were selected because of their ease of access, clinical importance, and large size, which we reasoned would yield the greatest potential for altering energy expenditure. The distal margin of the distal quadriceps electrode was placed over the distal-most palpable border of the vastus lateralis. The proximal…

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets the neuromuscular junction resulting in impaired impulse transmission and skeletal muscle weakness. The muscular weakness may exacerbate during periods of activity while improving after periods of rest, occurring with various severities. Muscles that control the eyes, eyelids, facial expression, swallowing, and talking can also be affected. Symptoms are presented as drooping of the eyelids, called ptosis, blurred or double vision,…

Introduction: Planarians are free-living aquatic flatworms that posses remarkable regeneration abilities in addition to its distinct negative phototaxis behavior. A wealth of research studies has thoroughly examined its photophobic behavior under different wave frequencies and light conditions. Planarian are highly sensitive to white light and wavelengths of high frequencies, blue-green range ( Paskin TR, 2014). Two basic pigment-cup eyes situated in the head region govern its photophobic…

a) Microlens Micolens are small lenses with a diameter smaller than 1 mm, they can work by diffraction, refraction or a combination of these two. When arranged regularly on a single substrate they form a microlens array. In order to be considered a good quality lens, microlenses must have qualities such as to low wavefront aberrations, consistency of focal length and pitch across the array, durability and low price. (Daly 2001) Microlens arrays have several applications, such as CCD arrays,…

Prior to Ibn Al-Haytham, the accepted principle for optics originated from the Greeks and stated that the eye gives off light itself to produce images of objects . However, Al-Haytham considered situations in the real world that simply didn’t agree with the Greek findings, such as why objects like the moon…

During the microscope lab, my partner and I learned how to properly use a microscope, calculate the field of view, and view and prepare slides. Microscopes are instruments used to view very small objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye. We found that microscopes have many different parts to them, including the diaphragm, ocular lens, and objective lenses. There are three powers of magnification, scanning power (4x), low power (10x), and high power (40x). To find the total magnification,…

Purpose: Observe a compound light microscope to learn the names of its major parts. Research: Microscope is an essential tool for the study of small structures such as cells. The most common type of microscope is the bright-field microscope, used for this purpose is the compound light microscope, it is called compound because it uses two sets of lenses the objective and the ocular. The ocular lens usually magnifies 10x.…

Ultrafast Electron Microscopy has been demonstrated to be an effective table-top technique for imaging the temporally-evolving dynamics of matter with subparticle spatial resolution on the time scale of atomic motion. A stringent enhancement of the UEM temporal resolution is demanded for recording snapshots of the electron motion which will provide a real-time access to all microscopic motions outside the atomic core and radically change our insight into the workings of the microcosm. Here, we…

Hue, Saturation, and Intensity are represented as HSI in HSI colour model. The HSI model is used as an alternative to, or alongside the RGB representation. In this model, the hue of a colour is its angle measure on a colour wheel. Pure red have hue value as 0°, pure green have hue value as 120°, and pure blues have hue value as 240°. Neutral colours like white, grey, and black are set to hue value 0° for feasibility. Intensity is total brightness of the colour and also defined numerically as the…