Junk DNA

but they still do share some characteristics. No matter at which cell you are looking at: bacteria’s`, plants`, animals`, protists`, etc., they all will be bounded by a plasma membrane (Biology Department,2015), and contain a nucleic acid: such as DNA, RNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. The things that prokaryotes will not have are organelles. Organelles can be known as the parts of the cell, such as: Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, etc. There are there domains that exist: Bacteria, Archaea and…

The mitochondria is one of the most interesting components of the eukaryotic cell. Endosymbiosis is the term modern scientists use for how the mitochondria came to be. Symbiosis translates from Greek to English as “living” “together.” Constrantin Mereschkowsky, known as the founding father of the theory of endosymbiosis, was one of people who started the concept of endosymbiosis, although he had called it “symbiogenesis,” defining it as: “the origin of organisms through the combination and…

Q1) Each subunit in the protein consists of two domains – a large domain for the binding of ATP and a smaller domain for the binding of fructose-6-phosphate. Q2) The αβα sandwich are tightly packed together and are separated by a large interface from another subunit. Each domain contains several beta sheets in between anywhere between two to four alpha helices. Q3) Most of the β sheets are parallel, although there are a few antiparallel beta stands in the large domains. The α helices are…

that traditional microbiological methods fail to reveal nanobacteria, and that specific methods had to be invented for their detection and culture. In short, Kajander and Ciftcioglu were faced with the extremely difficult task of developing a new DNA staining and immunoassay methods. Using their patented methods, they discovered a new living organism, or at least “the smallest cultivable autonomously replicating agent on earth”. Their methods were newly crafted at the time and were very…

the malfunctioning gene and contributes to normal functioning of the body. The process begins when the modified DNA is inserted into a virus vector. Then, the vector binds to the cell membrane. After the vector binds to the cell membrane, a vesicle forms around the vector as it enters the cell. Thereafter, the vesicle breaks down, releasing the vector. Then, the vector inserts the DNA it contains into the cell’s nucleus. The cell makes a functional…

into a world where everyone can be identified through certain tests of any part of the body. Vincent is considered “invalid” to the GATTACA space program and decides to pay someone on the inside for his DNA, so he may pass inspection. The person on the inside is Jerome. Jerome gives Vincent his DNA so he may achieve his dream to go into the GATTACA space program. Inside the space program Vincent falls in love with an officer named Irene. Irene, Vincent, and Jerome are then swept into an…

Genetic engineering is an alluring and powerful branch of science and technology. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines genetic engineering as, “the group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology used to cut up and join together genetic material...from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics”. Genetic engineering has led to some of the most remarkable advancements in agriculture and medicine.…

It was inevitable. After living in a world where only a few select people cared about how we were affecting our surroundings with our carelessness and inability to think of future generations, it’s all gone. Now, only a few species remain. Hypotheses: Sun Basking Shark: With the absence of fish in the sea, these sharks had to find a means to survive and that meant looking to the sun. These sharks were genetically modified by some of the last humans to have green fins that contained a significant…

Medicine has come a long way from blood sucking leeches of the 1700’s to the modern vaccination today. With the introduction to the world of nanotechnology in the 21st century, medicine and treatments have taken major leaps forward. Scientists have managed to theorize a new method in which to battle cancer with the help of nanomedicine. Instead of the separating 2 treatments, there is a theory in research that argues for the benefits combining them into a single nano-carrier which would…

produced identical DNA fragments across the gel, enzyme 2 did not. This is evident in lane D and possibly indicates that this enzyme was unable to bind to recognition sites similar to the crime scene DNA in well B. Thus, it produced a DNA fragment smaller in size that travelled further. Since the DNA evidence in well D belongs to Suspect 1, it is apparent that they are not related to the crime. However, when the DNA of Suspect 2 was cut with enzyme 2, a DNA match between the suspect DNA…