In vivo

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments. Examples of animal experimentation include lab testing, biomedical research, and cosmetic testing. Although animal testing has contributed to life-saving…

The cornea is a transparent avascular tissue covering the front of the eye. Keratitis 65 simply means inflammation of the cornea of any cause, infection and otherwise. 66 Infectious keratitis is the most frequent cause of keratitis where bacterial infection 67 account for approximately ninety percent of microbial keratitis [1,2]. Predisposing 68 factors can be divided to four categories: extrinsic factors such as physical or chemical 69 trauma, ocular surface disease as tear-film deficiencies,…

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of severe cognitive impairment among the elderly (Ott et al. 1995). AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, primarily characterized by neuronal loss, formation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), as plaques in brain parenchyma or as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in blood vessels (Reitz and Mayeux 2014). Additionally, structural brain abnormalities, blood-brain-barrier…

Microorganisms possess many virulence factors which are usually decided by their genetic makeup. Not many virulence determinants of bacteria are expressed phenotypically. Capsule is one such bacterial organelle which displays many functions that include adherence, resistance to immune clearance, protection against environmental factors and many others including the typing of bacteria based on their specific capsular antigen and rapid diagnosis of capsulated bacterial infections using…

three distinct separate layers intima, media and adventitia (figure 4). Atherosclerosis as described previously, affects the intima leading to intimal thickening, but here is no method available at present which can measure only intima thickness in vivo. However, intima-media thickness may be measured with ultrasound and an increase in intima-media thickness in atherosclerotic prone areas is used as an indicator of intimal thickening. The CIMT is defined as the distance from the lumen-intima…

from the second proposed experiment is not as expensive as the one from the first proposed experiment. The first proposed experiment can be explained in more detail. We will test on mouse lymphoma cells so we can predict risk assessment on vivo testing. Vivo testing refers to experimentation using a whole living organism (M Lloyd, 2012). We will use 1,3,7-Trimethylpurine -2,6-dione (caffeine) at a concentration of .3 mg/ml or 1.6 mM. This is because as stated above, caffeine at the…

In vivo, OLs do not exist as an isolated population. Rather, they formed a complex network with all the other major cells types in the CNS. Signaling between OLs and neurons, astrocytes and microglia have been reported plenty (Bastmeyer et al., 1991; Schwab and Schnell, 1991). To further assess whether the injury mechanism we observed in vitro faithfully reflects the real HIV pathogenesis in vivo, we used two models, a co-culture model where OLs are cultured on top of a mixed glial layer and a…

which consists of the femoral stem, the femoral head, and the acetabular cup [2]. Consideration must be given to the types of materials that make up these components, as biocompatibility and mechanical properties determine how the implant functions in vivo. The materials used in commercial implants today are Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, Alumina, and titanium alloys [1]. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a semi- crystalline polymer which is used for the…

Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered a primary brain tumor which is extremely aggressive and difficult to treat. Glioblastoma is demarcated by highly aggressive proliferation with great invasive potential as well as refractory to present treatments due to suppression of pro-apoptotic pathways (Karmakar et al., 2007). Such factors up-regulated in cancer involve cell proliferation, cell invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to chemo and radiotherapy (Kunnumakkara et al., 2008).…

1.7 III (b) VEGF: VEGF is also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF) is an endothelial cell specific mitogen in in vitro and is the main factor responsible for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in a variety of in vivo models. The gene transcripts level of VEGF is stimulated at the time of implantation because process of implantation occurs under hypoxic condition. In rodents, VEGF is involved during embryo–endometrium crosstalk by regulating endothelial cell proliferation and vascular…