Nt1310 Unit 2 Exercise 1.3 (B)

1.7 III (b) VEGF: VEGF is also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF) is an endothelial cell specific mitogen in in vitro and is the main factor responsible for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in a variety of in vivo models. The gene transcripts level of VEGF is stimulated at the time of implantation because process of implantation occurs under hypoxic condition. In rodents, VEGF is involved during embryo–endometrium crosstalk by regulating endothelial cell proliferation and vascular permeability of endothelial cells at implantation sites in rodents (Rabbani and Rogers, 2001; Rockwell et al., 2002). The VEGF’s mRNA and protein expression level has been noticed in endometrial stomal, endothelial, and glandular cells during the mid-secretory stage in the human (Charnock-Jones et al., 1993). …show more content…
TGF-B acts through its membrane receptors, called TGF-B receptors. During activation, it stimulates the SMAD pathway by phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 complex. The activated pSMAD2/3 migrates to the nucleus and transcribes TGF-B-responsive genes such as integrins, collagens, fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor1. TGF-beta exists in at three isoforms known as TGF-β1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3. The expression and mRNA level of TGB-B proteins are localized in endometrial stromal, epithelial and decidual cells in human endometrium (Bischof and Campana, 2000). Increased expression level of TGF-B1 in ECM, which stimulates trophoblast adhesion to the ECM. Therefore, TGF-B1 is known as a key protein in trophoblast attachment to the endometrium during the process of implantation (Feinberg et al., 1994; Tamada et al.,