Epithelial cells

Advancement in the area of science and technology has always created a buzz in our world. Our world runs on the belief that scientific discoveries or breakthrough will one by one rid of diseases and illnesses that is trying to harm human life, but it also runs on technology, from people’s need of energy/electricity for light to people’s addiction to smartphone, internet, and need of Wi-Fi. The advancement in both areas would have not been possible without the help of each other; the…

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a one type of muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders, leading to progressive muscle degeneration. People suffering from most common muscular dystrophies ,Duchenne/Becker (DMD), Myotonic (MMD), and Limb-Girdle (LGMD), experience muscles degradation overtime, leading to overall muscle weakness and decreased mobility. Statistics show that the most prevalent forms of muscular dystrophy are rare. For example in 2007 in the…

Hypothesis: 1.) Animals with nocturnal sleep cycles will have greater similarity in the PER gene than the PER gene of diurnal animals. 2.) Differences in the sequences of PER genes can account for variance in the free running period (FRP) between varying organisms. 3.) Human PER gene homologs arose from prior duplication events throughout evolution. Motivation and Background: The biological clock is an endogenous mechanism that regulates the physiological activities of an organism. It was…

What is Genetics? Genetic Diseases A genetic disease involves an abnormality in genetic material. Otherwise, there could be mutations or changes in an organism’s DNA. A genetic disease can be inherited through a family. There are three types of disorders: Chromosomal Disorders, Single Gene Disorders, and Multifactorial Disorders. Chromosomal Disorders are caused by too many chromosomes, not enough chromosomes, or the chromosome structures are abnormal. Polymelia is considered as a…

Practical 3: Enzyme Activity (2.5) Research Question: How does the change of pH affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on the enzyme, catalase? Background Information: Enzymes are globular proteins, which are synthesised by cells in order to perform specific functions. These act as catalysts in chemical reactions and are considered a major factor in an organism as these reaction rates are required to be shortened in order to support life. Catalase is one of the most…

key for the development and survival of a fetus/embryo. 2. Leydig cells • Leydig cells form and secrete testosterone. The testosterone is secreted in response to the lutenising hormone. Spermatozoa production is promoted by the testosterone secreted. The testosterone being secreted by the Leydig cells are important for the formation of secondary characteristics of the male. 3. The different pancreatic cells • One of the pancreatic cells is the exocrine gland. The exocrine gland secretes out…

the inhibitory nucleotide (ATP) would have higher affinity for the channel than the activating nucleotide (MgADP). Closure of the K+ channel leads to depolarised state of the membrane. The voltage-gated calcium channel is therefore always open as the cell is depolarised constantly. Other example of mutations that cause hyperinsulinism by impairing the channel activation in response to metabolic inhibition are 3992-9G>A and E1506K. E1506K eliminates metabolic activation by reducing Mg2+…

biological regularities manage to conserve stability while regulating any circumstances, disorders, illnesses and situations. Human beings consist of masses of cells that all operate on behalf of the maintenance of the complete organism. The cells are all somewhat analogous, the cells still accomplish very dissimilar purposes. The cells and human beings as well require continuous internal surrounding preservations. The endocrine system is an example of homeostasis. The endocrine system…

transposable element insertions, alterations within introns and disruption of regulatory elements, as examples. These alterations can cause a range of phenotypic effects from no effect to cell death for essential genes. Disruptions that result in an essential phenotype are typically important to core activities of the cell, such as energy metabolism, DNA replication, or protein processing. Mutations can also have complex buffering effects, where a mutation that would normally have a phenotypic…

Microbiology Conjunction Conjugation is the course by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct interaction. It can be defined as the direct transfer of DNA form one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The donor is F+ and the recipient is F-. they are attached through a conjugal bridge. The pilus then attractions the two separate bacteria together. Now, the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. During the process of…