Genetic Disruptions

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Mutations in genes can have complicated relationships and interactions that affect the phenotype of an organism. Possible genetic variations include nonsynonymous mutations, deletion of coding sequences, translocations, transposable element insertions, alterations within introns and disruption of regulatory elements, as examples. These alterations can cause a range of phenotypic effects from no effect to cell death for essential genes. Disruptions that result in an essential phenotype are typically important to core activities of the cell, such as energy metabolism, DNA replication, or protein processing. Mutations can also have complex buffering effects, where a mutation that would normally have a phenotypic effect but does not while in the

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