DNA sequence

in transferring human language called DNA from generation to generation. DNA stands for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acids, it contains genetic information for our cells. It contains all the essential elements of the universe, in such precise quantity, that it sustains life. Our DNA, is able to instruct the cell in terms of which protein they have to make.Following the instructions, the protein created determines the cell function, so basically DNA controls all cellular functions. This is…

DNA AND MUTATIONS DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic instructions. In 1953 the structure of DNA was discovered for the first time by J. Watson and F. Crick. They opposed that DNA is made up of two long strands or twisted chains. The structure of the DNA is similar to a ladder, with the sugar, and phosphate molecules forming the sides, and the base pairs forming the rungs. The shape of the DNA is double helix. There are 3 billion Human DNA, and more than 99% of those bases are…

exogenous, or foreign, DNA could be introduced into the genome simply by the physical injection of a solution of cloned DNA into a fertilized egg” (Smith 77). Furthermore, the first step in the procedure of pronuclear microinjection is loading a glass needle with foreign DNA (Smith 78). Secondly, using a microscope, the loaded glass needle is “guided through the cytoplasm” towards a fertilized egg (Smith 78). The next step includes injecting a nanoliter, one billionth of a liter, of the DNA…

infect a broad host range, covering species from invertebrates to humans. Parvoviruses are small single stranded DNA viruses enveloped by a T=1 non-enveloped capsid protein. Replication of these viruses can only occur when the host cell is in S-phase of its mitotic cycle (15). FPV has a very small linear genome that is only 5 kilobases in length (4). The virus’s genome has specific sequences, similar to a TATA boxes, that initiate transcription of major virus specific mRNA. A combination of…

same time, to understand how variations within our DNA sequence cause diseases. The other, is the use of CRISPR, a technology for editing DNA. In nature, bacteria have a mechanism of an acquired immune system that allow them to cut section of virus DNA and incorporate it into its own, which will protect them from future viral infection. When bacteria identify the presence of a virus, they create two type of short RNA. One of them encloses a sequence that matches the one of the virus. The two…

essentially will turn the genes back on again because the RNA polymerase isn’t blocked anymore. Therefore, without tryptophan, a bacteria cannot make any other proteins. All together, the operator, promoter, and the genes they control (entire stretch of DNA required for tryptophan production) is called the operon or trp operon. Prokaryotes can make one big mRNA that will be translated into multiple proteins at once, whereas eukaryotes make an mRNA per gene. A repressible operon is when…

The results show that the protein derived from the Drosophila cDNA sequence and the human protein share the same domain, also, there is a high degree of homology between the two proteins. Therefore, the Drosophila Melanogaster plasmid DNA sequence codes for a protein that has a human homologous involved in human physiology. Researchers are still investigating the function of my protein in Drosophila Melanogaster. However, the function of the homologous protein in human is pretty clear. Indeed,…

Also, to make primers for the PCR test, some previous sequence data is required. Therefore, PCR can only be used to identify the presence or absence of a known pathogen. Another drawback is that the primers used for PCR can strengthen non-specifically to sequences that are similar, but not entirely identical to the specific DNA. In addition, incorrect nucleotides can be combined into the PCR sequence by the DNA polymerase, but at a very low rate. • X-Ray The X-Ray is an extremely…

Nucleotide is a building block for deoxyribose nucleic acids which is called DNA that has four base units,adenin(A) ,thymine(T) ,guanine(G), cytosine(C). The nucleotides can bond with their base pairs(A=T,G=C) to form a linear strand that is supported by sugar-phosphate backbone. In the linear strand, some of three base sequence is a codon and each codon is related to an amino acid. These codons come together in a linear sequence and create a gene. Gene can be called as cipher that encrypts…

cells or complete organisms. The first step in the gene trap process is to integrate an artificially constricted DNA into a genome of a cell line, usually an embryonic stem (ES) cell line. To carry out this…