DNA sequence

acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid. DNA is a double-stranded molecule comprised of numerous nucleotides covalently bound together. Nucleotides contain a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). To construct DNA’s double helix, hydrogen bonds form between two complementary nitrogenous bases. These bonds only form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine (“DNA”).…

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources is known as, Recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA, otherwise known as rDNA, is an artificial DNA strand, created by combining gene sequences with one another. In order to create a rDNA you must first isolate the DNA donor, as well as the vector. Bacterial plasmids are commonly used, so for this explanation it will be used as the vector. The next step is to cut the DNA. This is possible with the help of restriction enzymes, which act…

along with the prodigious rate it is still growing, have made them , while not necessarily obsolete, insufficient for the task. This is why the most promising method of storage in the current time is none other than the building blocks of life itself: DNA. But to understand how deoxyribonucleic acid as a site of information storage came to be, the progress of its predecessors must be understood. The first form of large scale information storage is one we are still using in the modern day,…

pyrosequencing template is biotinylated. After denaturation, the biotinylated single-stranded PCR amplicon is isolated and allowed to hybrdizine with a sequencing primer. The hybridized primer and single stranded template are incubated with enzymes DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luceriferase and apyrase as well as adenosine 5’ phosphosulfate and luciferin. As nucleotides are incorporated, ATP sulfurylase converts PPi to ATP which drive the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to…

The genetic information in an organism’s DNA ultimately determines its traits; however, if this genetic information is somehow altered (the arrangement of nucleotides changed) new traits can appear or a deformity might occur. When a cell fails to replicate properly and DNA that is produced is not identical to that of the original (as a result of changes made for various reasons), a mutation has occurred. Failures in replication can be caused by a large number of reasons, but some of the more…

to amplify a certain region of DNA. In this experiment, PCR was used to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the bacteria. This locus was used because it is one that evolves slowly in bacteria. A Taq polymerase is used for this PCR because of the temperatures the reaction goes through. The16S rRNA primers used in this PCR, are complimentary to sequences conserved in all bacteria and will target sites of variation. These sites of variation were the regions of the DNA amplified by PCR. The…

The purpose of this lab report is to discuss experiments performed in order to study the ctrA gene. It was hypothesized that ctrA will be present in the four bacterial species studied, which are Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, Rhodobacter sphaeroides 17029, Escherichia coli DH5훂, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5. It was also hypothesized that ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. The last hypothesis for this study is that the…

down our ageing process. How and why we age are all under the guideline of our DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a complex molecule which consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Nucleotides serve…

a long gene 8 kb or more, this strategy could be used for. A1. Segmental trans-splicing concept is similar to that of trans-splicing, where exons of two different gene fragments are joined together. However, in STS it can be used to target gene sequences that are too large for a viral vector genetic capacity; for example the von Willbrand factor gene (8.6 kb) or the muscular dystrophy gene (11.0 kb). In STS a 5’exon of the gene is delivered in a vector and the 3’exon in a second vector where…

expression by only allowing less hostile breeds to reproduce. Although this method of changing behavioral gene expression has much less control on a specific genomic sequence, it still provides us an insight as to how long we’ve been manipulating genes for: approximately 12,000 years (Lange). Subsequent to a more in depth knowledge of DNA, genetic modification became…