Chromosomes

and Multifactorial Disorders. Chromosomal Disorders are caused by too many chromosomes, not enough chromosomes, or the chromosome structures are abnormal. Polymelia is considered as a Chromosomal Disorder. Some other diseases that are considered as a Chromosomal Disorder are Down Syndrome and Turner Syndrome. Single Gene Disorders are caused by defects in individual genes. Gene defects cannot be detected by chromosome analysis. Thalassemia…

partial loss of an X sex chromosome[2]. Symptoms of Turner’s syndrome include, but aren’t limited to short stature, glucose intolerance, broad chest and widely spread nipples, amenorrhea, webbed neck, aortic valve stenosis, visual impairments, hearing loss, problems with concentration, and nonverbal learning issues[3]. Not all individuals will present with the same combination of symptoms or with the same expressivity[4]. About half of the 2,500 births have only one X chromosome. This is called…

from a extra copy a chromosome, in most cases it is an extra part of chromosome 21. A chromosome is found in most living organisms which is responsible for carrying genetic information. An average Zygote (a fertilised Ovum) will have 23 pairs of chromosomes but in the case of a genetic disorder such as down syndrome, a problem will occur with the chromosomes and can cause physical…

Edwards' syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18 is considered a chromosomal condition where there are abnormalities in certain parts of the body. People with Trisomy 18, often have slow growth in the wound (intrauterine growth retardation). These newborns usually have heart defects and other defects throughout the child’s body. This also includes a small shaped head, a small mouth and jaw, and sometimes overlapping fingers and small hands. Children with Trisomy 18 usually die within their first…

presence of more than two sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n, 5n, etc.) (Soltis et al., 2009) as sporophyte. Polyploids may have arisen as the result of nondisjunction during meiosis or may be generated when chromosomes are dividing properly in mitosis and meiosis, but the cytokinesis does not follow. Polyploidy can be classified into two: polysomic polyploidy (autopolyploidy) and disomic polyploidy (allopolyploidy) (Stebbins, 1951). Autopolyploidy comes from doubling of chromosome number within in…

For my project, I chose to make an illustration. In the picture I have a breast cancer ribbon, a pot of boiling water, a prokaryote, a chromosome, a pedigree, and a factory to represent human impact, a flower to represent photosynthesis, a food chain, an energy pyramid, an embryo, humans evolving, a biomolecules chart, and the phases of mitosis. I drew a breast cancer ribbon because we talked about different types of cancer. There are many factors that go into the diagnosis of cancer. A lot of…

daughter cells that are genetically identical to their mothers and have two sets of chromosomes. Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells. Both mitosis and meiosis are processes of cell division. They have the same steps for cell division, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The stages of which are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. The centrioles near the nucleus begin to…

parts of the second sex chromosome. This condition only affects women and girls because the X-chromosome is missing or partially missing or rearranged. X-chromosome monosomy, X-chromosome mosaicism, and X-chromosome defects are common causes of the absence or alterations of the X-chromosome. Monosomy X occurs in about half of the girls with Turner syndrome. This means that each cell in each of their bodies has only one copy of the X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes. Mosaicism can also…

The sex chromosome determines whether a zygote will be male or female. Females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes. One chromosome comes each comes from the gametes of the parents. Each egg has an X chromosome and “if the sperm contains a Y chromosome, the match with the female chromosome will be XY, and the child will be genetically male,” (Ginsberg, Nackerud & Larrison, 2004, p. 198). On the other hand if the chromosomes from each parent is XX the child…

Environmental-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptilians When we think of sex determination in organisms, we most often think of mitosis and the process of randomly receiving X and Y chromosomes from parent cells. This type of sex determination is known as genotypic sex determination (GSD), and it’s the most commonly found method of sex determination. However, this isn’t the only type of sex determination available to organisms. Some reptilians, for example, use environmental-dependent sex…