flow is equivalent to cardiac output, when considering the entire system, and is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire system, in a given amount of time. Marieb & Hoehn define cardiac output as the amount of blood that is pumped out of each ventricle in one minute. Cardiac output is determined by measuring heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume is the volume of blood that is pumped out by a ventricle with each beat, and is directly related to cardiac output, which…
Myocardium is composed of cardiac-type muscle which consist of muscle fibres, which form a network due the presence of intercalated discs. These intercellular junctions provide a point of anchorage for the myofibrils and allow for the contractile stimuli from one cell to another (1). The Aortic media are concentric arranged fenestrated sheets of elastin which are separated by collagenous tissue and smooth muscle fibres (2). The media is composed of 2-3 layers of muscle. Secondly the arrangement…
muscular protein called dystrophin. Dystrophin is a skeletal muscle protein. This protein is known for keeping the muscle cells intact. With the defect in the protein, it causes rapid muscular deterioration. This protein is also found in the cardiac muscles and the brain. The dystrophin gene is located on chromosome X on the short arm. It contains more than 3685 amino acids. While it only accounts for a little of the proteins, its effects are very important. Duchenne and Becker the cells…
Exercise effects the human body in many fascinating ways; as it causes the body to adapt and alter to aid the body’s stimulation. Take when carrying out the Harvard step test practical. This test is where a person carries out a period of exercise for a certain length of time and then records their heart rate before and for so long after the period. This shows how fit and healthy the heart is by showing how long it takes for the heart to go back to a regular resting pulse rate. “The…
Introduction: The heart rate of an animal can be used as an indicator to identify when a stimulus evokes a reaction from the animal. Specifically in the case of humans’, there tends to be the cognitive ability to physically withhold a reaction from a stimulus and mask the involuntary reaction. However, the heart rate reacts immediately after a stimulus, and is not reigned in or controlled cognitively, so could the heart potentially be a true indicator of an individuals reaction to a stimulus?…
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy Zachary Uecker Genetic Disease Abstract Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease that targets skeletal muscles and over time, the muscles lose protein and are replaced by fats and connective tissue, making the skeletal muscles unusable. In this paper, the parts of Duchenne’s that will be covered are the method of transmission, statistics about Duchenne’s in the population, the pathophysiology, the body systems…
All heartbeats consist of a mechanical component and an electrical component. The heartbeat is created by cardiac depolarization caused by electrical currents that induce muscle contraction. The electrical component of the heartbeat begins in the Sinoatrial (SA) Node and its function is to send electrical impulses that stimulate your heart to beat, and these impulses induce the atria to contract. As the atria contract, the impulse moves on to the Atrioventricular (AV) node which leads the…
Passive Forces in Limb Movements: Help or Hindrance Introduction Most animals are enabled to move because of contractions and relations of muscles. Vertebrates and invertebrates movement is initiated by a combination of both passive and active forces (Linke, Granzier and Kellermayer, 2003). Passive forces in muscles are forces that develop when an inactive muscle is stretched from its resting length in resistance of the induced stretch. Passive force in the limbs movement of both vertebrate and…
Skeletal System The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. It also includes cartilage, ligaments and tendons. The two main parts of the skeletal system are the axial skeleton with 80 bones and the appendicular skeleton with 126 bones. The primary purpose of the skeletal system is to provide the body with support, protection, movement, storage for minerals and lipids, and to produce red blood cells. The axial skeleton includes the skull, thoracic cage and vertebral column. The…
“A muscle is a tissue composed of cells or fibres, the contraction of which produces movement in the body.” (Dictionary) There are three different types of muscle; voluntary skeletal muscle, involuntary smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Muscles have many different functions within the body. One function of muscle is movement. It is the only tissue in the body which is able to contract and therefore can move more than other body parts. Another function is the maintenance of posture. The muscles…