Caliph

The main idea of Selim Deringil's article is to determine how Ottoman Empire, like the Habsburgs and Romanovs, tried to transform itself from a dynastic empire to a modern citizen-based state during the nineteenth century. He mentions the rising prestige of the national idea among these monarchies and how this idea leaded them to create an "empire nationalism". According to Deringil, that was the point when the public image of the state became a necessity to constitute an "Ottoman citizenry".…

In first century Egypt (A.D.) Alexandria was the focal point of Greek civilization on the Mediterranean and the center of Roman trade routes to the deserts, inner Africa, and the East. Sarapis and Isis, two Greek gods, became very popular in the Roman Empire. Inside Egypt the Roman emperors referred to themselves as heirs to the pharaohs and went on to build temples in the traditional Egyptian style. The ancient Egyptian funerary tradition didn’t change very much and the dead were still being…

The relationship between religion and politics has displayed itself through the process of the presence of humanity and religion has caused deep rooted changes in the structure of politics since it appeared and so has politics affected the religion regarding its change and transformation. The relationship between religion and politics has been related to humanity individually, socially, and in terms of class-division and has been deeply affected their lives. Political Islam has been formed in…

Islam is one of the fastest growing religions and extends over many different regions. The Arabic term “Islam” means submission to Allah, which is the Arabic word for God. This is the basis of the Islamic faith, and it drives Muslims to strive to live a life that is in complete submission to Allah. Islam was founded by Muhammad (AD 570-632) in modern day Saudi Arabia. Muslims believe that Muhammad received a message from the angel Gabriel and was commanded to write down the words of Allah. These…

The West appears to have a misconception of Islamic law surround the concept of holy war or jihad to conflict owing to the extended flawed appropriation by Osama bin Laden on Islamic belief to justify his group’s terrorist exploits against unbelievers. Violence is also, paradoxically, advocated in the Qur’an and Old Testament or Hebrew Scriptures, and yet the two latter’s’ passages on combat and conduct of war are overlooked unlike its former religious succession. Jihad (to strive or struggle)…

throughout history. In which, she deals with the issue of women and sovereignty in Islam. The book introduces various stories of women throughout the Islamic history, Mernissi argues: Despite decrees from Mecca, opposition from the caliphs, and the opportunism of political men, 15 Muslim women sovereigns ascended the thrones of Muslim states between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, holding all the official insignia of sovereignty…and seven others were Islamic rulers in…

Buddhism: (1 - 1750) Buddhism originated in N. India, and is traced back to Siddhartha Guatama’s search for an antidote to end suffering in the 5th century BCE. Early Buddhism was spread slowly along the trade routes by Buddhist merchants and monks. In the 3rd century CE, Ashoka, a ruler of the Mauryan Empire, converted to Buddhism. He did not forcefully convert his people, but he sent missionaries to East Asia and left edicts throughout the empire. Buddhism eventually made it’s way into places…

As religions grow, many interpretations come up, particularly during a time of crisis. However, many contend that organizations that have a theology which is founded on hate do not represent any of the traditions in Islam. Many devotees of Islam argue that Islam is a religion of peace. The truth of this assertion may not be entirely accurate; this is because many militant groups carry out their activities through based on a puritanical strain of Islam that is known as Jihadi Salafism. It can be…

Why God not gods? The great prophets of the Old Testament are particular lucid and ironical in exposing the intrinsic illogicality of idolatry. And everybody, reasonable or exaggerate from the Hebrew to the Greek Iconoclasts, and from the Moslem Caliphs to the English Roundheads , has always applied, rightly or wrongly, what I may call this a joke of the Old Testament; that mere idolatry is idiotic in itself. Why is idolatry wrong? Above all, why is idolatry funny? The Hebrew Prophet saw the…

There are many different ways and theories that concern themselves with the practice and application of Islamic ideas. Albert Hourani comments on the complex relationships that exist between different schools of thought found in Islam, and the rising ideal of nationalism spreading throughout the world. This blend of nationalism and religious ideology coincides with the late 19th century teachings of Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. Al-Afghani argued that Islamic civilizations needed to unify under a…