Avascular necrosis

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the red blood cells have a deformed shape, which reduces their effectiveness to transport oxygen to the different parts of the body. Sickle cell anemia is predominantly present in people whose ancestors come from Africa. It is also common in people with Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Indian Ancestry. The clinical diagnosis for sickle cell anemia is usually only evident in the patients who are heterozygous for the Hemoglobin S allele. The…

blue when exposed to cold or during stressful situations (Mayo Clinic, 2017). In addition to symptoms, lupus can cause many other complications or conditions in individuals, such as kidney failure, strokes, anemia, heart attacks, cancer, and avascular necrosis (Mayo Clinic,…

bone and periodontal ligaments. Gingiva, also known as gum tissue, surrounds the tooth and acts as a barrier to potential periodontal destruction. When this structure starts to fail, periodontal disease starts to set in. Cementum is acellular and avascular connective tissue that is a highly calcified (Nanci & Bosshardt, 2006). Cementum covers the root of the tooth with its main purpose being to connect the tooth to the alveolar bone via periodontal ligaments. Periodontal ligaments are a…

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To study lower third tibia fracture patterns. 2. To study the management of these fractures by Ender’s nailing and its functional outcome. 3. To study various complications in patients managed by Ender’s nailing 4. To set guidelines for management of these fractures. REVIEW OF LITERATURE HISTORICAL REVIEW Fractures have been recognized and treated as long as recorded history. History of fracture and its knowledge dates back to Egyptian…

scaphoid fractures remain a persistent, and at times a heated point of debate. The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone. A missed scaphoid fracture can have dire consequences for the patient. There can be loss of function, and avascular necrosis leading to a…

Blood Institute, 2016). It is the leading cause of death in sickle cell disease (Porth, 2014, pg 284). Other symptoms and consequences of SCD include stroke, heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, nocturnal enuresis, gallstones, leg ulcers, avascular/aseptic necrosis, and delayed growth and puberty, just to name a few (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2016). As you can see, the symptoms are numerous and have a wide variety. DETECTION, CONFIRMATION, AND…

Abstract Sickle cell disease is an illness in the blood that normally affects people of African American descent, as well as people of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin. There are numerous types of sickle cell disease. The three most common are HbSS, HbSC and HbS Beta Thalassemia. There are also rare types such as: HbSD, HbSE, and HbSO. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease. It is caused by receiving two abnormal genes from both parents, who either have the disease themselves or are…

The main role of PMN is phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debri. PMNs are also a major source of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and second population that invades the wound consist of macrophages. The function of macrophages is phagocytosis , activation and recruitment of other cells by releasing various cytokines, growth factors such as Vascular endothelial growth Factor, Insulin like Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor. Macrophages regulate matrix synthesis…