Agricultural soil science

MYCORRHIZAE AND FORESTRY What is Mycorrhiza: Albert Bernard Frank (1885), in his study of relationships between soil microbes and plants, introduced the Greek term ‘mycorrhiza’, which means ‘fungus roots’. Mycorrhizas are highly evolved symbiotic association between roots of most higher/vascular plants and certain specialized soil fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomyectes) that colonize the root cortex during periods of active plant growth both in the natural environment and in…

Like other countries in South and Central America, Panama has had some serious environmental issues. For a lot of the country’s history, money had more importance than conservation, and an ethic of “man over nature” pervaded the culture. Forests were chopped down routinely to make room for cattle. However, in the 20th century Panama started to take positive steps in the opposite direction. The country started to create protected areas (including parks and wildlife refuges), write environmental…

Have you seen or mabye visited the Florida Everglades? Have you heard of the huge problems the Everglades face? The Florida Everglades were once home to many rare, endangared, and exotic species. But now, lots of this is gone. The everglades get effected by Sugarcane farm”s, face many water supply droughts and have a very weak ecosystem. To begin with the Florida Everglades are dramaticly affected by the 440,000 acres of sugarcane farms that it host’s. Thee farms are put in the Everglades since…

antirion bridge, three solutions are compared and finally the surface foundation solution is chosen because of the advantages on construction and safety to use in the deep water and earthquake area. To solve the disadvantage of the surface foundation, soil improvement solutions are presented and analyzed. Fourthly, before design of the foundation, the required performance of the structure should be defined to evaluate the important parameter of the structure. Next, foundations should be…

impact the surrounding ecosystems in a negative way. This can be referred to as forest fragmentation. Forest fragmentation negatively affects the forests connectivity and function. Fragmentation caused by mine reclamation is said to be “two-sided because both the effect that natural habitat has on the restored area, and the effect the restored area has on natural habitat.” (Craig et al. 2015) It is known “edge effects increase with increasing contrast between habitats forming the edge with…

Montgomery is both entertaining, and an informative read. He expresses how soil is one of the most underappreciated resources, and how humans over time have been a prime factor of soil degradation. This book primarily talks about how human infiltration has gradually continued to raise the rate of soil degradation through deforestation, agriculture, poor erosion control, and disinterest in the subject presented. Agricultural soil loss is not because humanity farms but arises from how they…

and Webster permafrost is, “a permanently frozen layer at variable depth below the surface in frigid regions of a planet”. This happens in places such as East Asia, Canada, and Alaska. Underneath these regions surface soil are huge blocks of ice. These huge blocks of ice under the soil have been frozen for at least fifty-thousand years. Some large glaciers and sheets of ice are left over from the Pleistocene period. “The Pleistocene period began 1,800,000 years ago, and ended 10,000 years…

population, must come into contact with the environmental medium (Simon, 2014). The environmental mediums are soil, water, air, and biota. The concentration of the pesticide present must be determined in order to calculate a dose. Also, with each individual medium there will be a level of variability and uncertainty that must be considered. Contamination concentrations in the soil will be highly variable. This is due to the application of the pesticide. The areas directly where the…

1. What is the geographic distribution and habitat of Azolla? The geographic distribution of Azolla species around the world, some in North America, South America, Alaska, tropical and subtropical America, upper reaches of the Nile to Sudan, most Asia and coast of tropical Africa and in the Caribbean region. The habitat of Azolla is freshwater ditches, ponds, lakes and sluggish rivers of warm temperature and tropical regions. 2. What is unique about this fern? Why is it called ‘Azolla…

Red Snapper Industry of Pensacola Critical to understanding the eventual development of the fishing industry in Pensacola is recognizing the city’s geographical location and land features. In Hawkshaw: Prehistory and History in an Urban Neighborhood in Pensacola, Florida, the environmental setting is laid bare. A major land shaping force in the area is the Gulf of Mexico. During the Pleistocene Era, the sea level was 300 feet lower than it is today due to “glacial episodes.” Due to the low sea…