Prevention And Care Of Athletic Injuries Exam 1

Front 1

-precaution against unnecessary musculoskeletal injury and soreness
-may enhance certain aspects of performance
-prepares body physiologically ofr physical work
-increases metabolic processes , core temperature, and muscle elasticity

Back 1

warm up

Front 2

-essential component of workout
-brings body back to resting state
-5-10 minutes in duration
-often ignored
-decreased muscle soreness following training if time used to stretch after workout

Back 2

cool-down

Front 3

ability to move a joint(s) smoothly through a full range of motion (ROM)

Back 3

flexibility

Front 4

__ results in:
-decreased permormance capabilities
-uncoordinated/awkward movements
-predisposes athlete to injury

Back 4

decreased range of motion

Front 5

factors that limit fleibility

Back 5

-bony structures
-tissue approximation
-excessive fat
-muscle and tendon lengths
-connective tissue
-scarring and contractures
-skin
-neural tissue tightness

Front 6

-dynamic flexibility
-ability to move a joint with little resistance

Back 6

active range of motion

Front 7

-static flexibility
-motion of joint to end points without muscle contractoin

Back 7

passive range of motion

Front 8

-the muscle producing movement
-quadreiceps contract to produce knee extension

Back 8

agonist

Front 9

-muscle undergoing stretch during movement

Back 9

antagonist

Front 10

a protractor that utilizes alignment of two arms parallel to longitudinal axis of two segments involved in motion

Back 10

goniometer

Front 11

the ability to generate force against resistance

Back 11

strength

Front 12

the relationship between strength and time

Back 12

power

Front 13

repetitive muscular contractions (increase strength=increase endurance)

Back 13

muscular endurance

Front 14

-no length change occurs during contraction
-pro: quick, effective, chap, good for rehab
-con: only works at one point in ROM

Back 14

isometric contraction

Front 15

two kinds of isotonic contractions

Back 15

concentric and eccentric

Front 16

shortening of muscle with contraction in an effort to overcome more resistance

Back 16

concentric

Front 17

lengthening of muscle with contraction because load is greater than force being produced

Back 17

eccentric

Front 18

muscle fibers that are:
-fatigue reistant
-time necessary to produce force is greater
-long duration, aerobic type activites
-generally major constituent of postural muscles

Back 18

slow twitch (Type 1)

Front 19

muscle fibers that are:
-fatigualble
-anaerobic in nature
-high force in short amount of time
-produces powerful movements

Back 19

fast twitch (type II)

Front 20

says that activity must be increased and upgraded constantly in order to gain a higher response from the body
-work at or near maximum capacity
-applicable to conditioning and training

Back 20

overload principle

Front 21

isotonic training=

Back 21

resistance training

Front 22

-free exercise
-isotonic training
-gravity's involvement determines level of intensity
-full range of motion, may incorporate holding phase
-pull-ups, push ups, back extensions, leg extensions

Back 22

calisthenic strengthening exercises

Front 23

-rapid stretch, eccentric contraction followed by a rapid concentric contraction to create a forceful explosive movement

Back 23

plyometric exercise

Front 24

health conditions brought on due to heat

Back 24

hyperthermia

Front 25

-benign condition associated with red raised rash, combined with preckling with sweat
-result of continuously wet, un-evaporated sweat
-prevent by continually toweling body

Back 25

heat rash

Front 26

-associated with rapid fatigue and overexposure, standng in heat for a long period of time
-caused by peripheral vasodilation or pooling of blood in extremities resulting in dizziness and fainting
-treat by placing athlete in cool environment, cosuming fluids and laying down

Back 26

heat syncope (heat collapse)

Front 27

-painful muscle spasms due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance
-occurs in individual in good shape that overexert themselves
-return to play unlikely

Back 27

heat cramps

Front 28

-result of inadequate fluid replacement
-unable to sustain adequate cardiac output
-core temp will be <104
-breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanism
-drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete
-athlete should avoid exercise for a minimum of one week and gradually return to full practice

Back 28

exertional heat stroke

Front 29

-fluid electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood
-caused by ingesting too much fluid before during and after exercise

Back 29

exertional hyponatremia

Front 30

ways to prevent heat illness:

Back 30

-common sense and precaution
-fluid and electrolyte replacement
-using sports drinks
-gradual acclimatization
-uniform selection
-weight records

Front 31

the body requires __L of water daily when engaged in minimal activity

Back 31

2.5

Front 32

__ drop in body weight (due to dehydration) results in thirst

Back 32

1-2%

Front 33

early pre-season training and graded intesnsity changes re recommended with progressive exposure over __ day period

Back 33

7-10

Front 34

__ of acclimatization can be achieved during the first 5-6 days with 2 hour morning and afternoon practice session

Back 34

80%

Front 35

avoid __ suits

Back 35

rubberized

Front 36

a __ loss in BW will reduce blood volue and could be a health threat

Back 36

3-5%

Front 37

health problems due to cold

Back 37

hypothermia

Front 38

-involves ears, nose, chin, fingers, and toes
-occurs with high wind and or severe cold
-skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister
-treat with firm pressure, blowing warm air or hands in armpits
-do not rub

Back 38

frost nip

Front 39

__ reslut from prolonged exposure causing redness and sweling, tingling pain in toes and figers
-due to poor circulation

Back 39

chilblains

Front 40

__ involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue
-appears pale hard waxy and cold
-when rewarming, area will feel numb, then sting and burn

Back 40

superficial frostbite

Front 41

-indicates frozen skin requireing hospitalization
-rapid rewarming necessary
-tissue blotchy red, swollen, painful, may become gangranous

Back 41

deep frostbite

Front 42

#2 cause of death by weather phenomena

Back 42

lightening

Front 43

in a lightning storm, you want to go to a facility that has __

Back 43

plumbing

Front 44

if the flash-bang count is 30 it indicates __

Back 44

inherent danger

Front 45

if the flash-bang count is 15 seconds everyone should __

Back 45

leave the field

Front 46

__ is the return stroke of the lightning going back up after it has already hit the ground

Back 46

visible lightning

Front 47

a hand-held intrument that is albe to detect storm occuring within 40 miles, gives directin and level of activity

Back 47

lightning detector

Front 48

desynchronization of biological and biophysical time clock

Back 48

circadian dysrhythmia

Front 49

the body immediatly adapts to __

Back 49

protein metabolism

Front 50

the body adapts to __ over 8 days

Back 50

body temp

Front 51

the body adapts to __ after three weeks

Back 51

adrenal hormones

Front 52

-durable, offers great consistancy, usable with inclement weather, requiers less maintenence
-better speed and resiliency

Back 52

synthtic turf

Front 53

most recentkind of synthetic turf

Back 53

resilient infill turf

Front 54

if equipment results in inury due to defect or inadequacy for intended use, the __ is liable

Back 54

manufacturer

Front 55

if equipment is modified the __ is liable

Back 55

modifer

Front 56

association established for voluntary testing standards in an effort to reduce head injuries

Back 56

National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)

Front 57

T/F helmets prevent concussions?

Back 57

False!!!

Front 58

each football helmet must have a visible exterior __

Back 58

warning label

Front 59

four categories of face protection:

Back 59

-face gaurd
-throat protection
-mouth gaurds
-ear gaurds

Front 60

three types of mouth gaurds

Back 60

-stock
-commercial
-custom

Front 61

shoulderpads that are bulkier and used by those engaged in blocking and tackling

Back 61

cantilevered shoulderpads

Front 62

shoulderpads that do not restrict motion

Back 62

non-cantilevered shoulderpads

Front 63

-premade and packaged vs constructed according to the individual
-can be used immediately but hard to fit well vs specifically sized and designed for protective and supportive needs

Back 63

off the self vs customized equipment

Front 64

when fitting a helmet, head/hair should be __ to simulate sweat

Back 64

wet

Front 65

how can you test if a helmet is snug fitting?

Back 65

the credit card test

Front 66

jaw pads in helmets are essential for preventing __

Back 66

lateral rocking

Front 67

research has indicated to that a baseball helmet does __ to dissipate energy of a ball

Back 67

little

Front 68

reduced the number of facial injuries but increased the number of concussions because head is most often used in initial contact

Back 68

face protection

Front 69

in high school hockey, __ are required (with some plastic coating) that meet hockey equipment certifications council and American society for testing material

Back 69

face masks

Front 70

required in collision and high-velocity sports
-girdle and belt types

Back 70

hips and butt pads

Front 71

there is significant debate over the efficacy of __

Back 71

ankle supports

Front 72

type of brace:
-widely used following surgery
-allows controlled progressive immobilization
-adjustable

Back 72

rehabilitative

Front 73

type of brace:
-used during and following rehab to provide functional support
-ready made and customized

Back 73

functional brace

Front 74

type of brace:
-used by those that have sustained collateral ligament injuries
-some are also used to provide support in those that have patellofemoral conditions

Back 74

neoprene brace

Front 75

an athletic trainer should b able to __ and __ protective devices

Back 75

design, construct

Front 76

soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is versatile, can be used for protection or absorption

Back 76

gauze

Front 77

soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is cheapest and more widely used (absorbent, holds emollients and offers mild padding)

Back 77

cotton

Front 78

soft material for construction of protective and supportive devices that is made of matted wool fibers, pressed in a variety of thicknesses

Back 78

felt

Front 79

used in orthotics, braces, splints, and for shielding body parts
-casting support for foot, protect contusions

Back 79

thermomoldable plastics

Front 80

state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes to another person

Back 80

liability

Front 81

the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care

Back 81

negligence

Front 82

-assumes that a person is of ordinary and reasonable prudence
-bring commonsense approach to the situation
-must operate within the appropriate limitations of ones educational background

Back 82

standards of reasonable care

Front 83

legal wrongs committed against a person (liability results)

Back 83

torts

Front 84

failure to perform legal duty (i.e. fail to refer)

Back 84

nonfeasance

Front 85

performs action that is not his/hers to legally perform (i.e. perform advanced treatment leading to complications)

Back 85

malfeasance

Front 86

the athletic trainer has a duty to provide __ to athletes

Back 86

coverage

Front 87

individual possessing higher level of training will possess higher level of __

Back 87

competence

Front 88

provides limited protection against legal liability to one that provides care should something go wrong

Back 88

good samaritan law

Front 89

-specific length of time an individual can sue for injury resulting from negligence
-varies by state but generally ranges from one to three years
-clock begins at the time the negligent act results in suit or from the time injury is discovered following negligent act
-minors generally have an extension

Back 89

statutes of limitations

Front 90

-athlete is made aware of inherent risks involved in sport and voluntarily decides to continue participating
-expressed in written waiver or implied from conduct of athlete once participation begins
-con be used as defense against an athletes negligence suit

Back 90

assumption of risk

Front 91

__ does not excuse overseers from exhibiting reasonable care and prudence in regards to conduct of activities or foreseeing potential hazards

Back 91

assumption of risk

Front 92

in order to reduce risk this person should:
warn athletes of potential dangers involved in sport
-supervise regularly and attentively
-prepare and condition athletes
-instruct athletes on skills of their respective sports
-ensure proper and safe equipment and facilities

Back 92

coach

Front 93

in order to reduce risk this person should:
-work to establish good working relationships with athletes, parents, and coworkers
-establish policies regarding athletic training facility and coverage
-develop emergency plan of action
-know the medical history of athletes
-maintain adequate records

Back 93

athletic trainer

Front 94

clear written out statements of basic rules

Back 94

policies

Front 95

describe the process of how follow rules

Back 95

procedures

Front 96

determines:
-why there is a need for such a program
-function of program within scope of athletic program
-extent of health care program
-written mission statement to focus direction of program

Back 96

strategic plan development

Front 97

-appropriate coverage of facility and sports
-setup of treatments, rehab, game and practice coverage vary

Back 97

facility personnel coverage

Front 98

-certified athletic trainer or at least a student should attend all practices and games
-different institutions ahve different levels of coverage based on personnel risks involved with sports

Back 98

sports coverage

Front 99

cleaning responsibilities are divided between __ staff and __ personnel

Back 99

athletic training, maintenance

Front 100

sweep floors daily, clean and disinfect sinks and tubs, mop hydrotherapy room, empty wast baskets

Back 100

maintenance crew

Front 101

clean treatment tables, disinfect hydrotherapy room and modalities daily, clean equipment regularly

Back 101

athletic training staff

Front 102

accessibility to __ in all major areas of activity is a must

Back 102

phones

Front 103

radios, cell and digital phones provide a great deal of __

Back 103

flexibility

Front 104

referrals should be made with assistance from a __

Back 104

physician

Front 105

__ is necessary when dealing with psychological and sociological events

Back 105

parental involvement

Front 106

head athletic trainer must serve as a __ and work to enhance professional development of staff

Back 106

supervisor

Front 107

__ should take place regularly

Back 107

performance evaluations

Front 108

area with centrally located sloping floor to drain, equipped with 2-3 whirlpools, shelving and storage space and outlets above the floor

Back 108

hydrotherapy area

Front 109

area that provides adequate space and equipment to perform reconditioning of injuries

Back 109

exercise rehabilitation center

Front 110

3-4 taping tables and storage cabinets to treat athletes with proximity to a sink

Back 110

taping, bandaging, and orthotics area

Front 111

space for physician to work which may hold exam table, lockable storage, sink, telephone, refrigerator

Back 111

physicians exam room

Front 112

space devoted to record keeping which may include filing system or computer based database, that allows access only to medical personnel

Back 112

records area

Front 113

training rooms often lack __

Back 113

ample storage space

Front 114

-space at least 10x12 feet is ample
-all areas should be supervised without leaving office space (glass partitions)
-equipment should include desk, chair, tack board, telephone, computer, and independent locking system

Back 114

athletic trainers office

Front 115

separate room that can be secured for storing and administrating medications (records must be maintained concerning administration)

Back 115

pharmacy area

Front 116

if space permits, must be accessible to individuals with various injuries with graduated depth and non-slip surface

Back 116

rehabilitation pool

Front 117

separate room with lead shielding in walls, large enough to house necessary equipment

Back 117

X-ray room

Front 118

-major responsibility of AT
-accurate and up-to-date is the rule, not the exception

Back 118

record keeping

Front 119

-regulates dissemination of personal history information (PHI) by coaches, ATC's physicians and other members of the sports medicine team
-gaurantee's athlete access to information and control over disclosure
-athlete may provide written authorization for release of information

Back 119

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Front 120

-law protecting privacy of student education records
-provides parents with certain reights with respect to childs educational records

Back 120

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Front 121

when the child turns __ FERPA rights are transferred to the student

Back 121

18

Front 122

-a crucial test with the purpose to identify athlete that may be at risk
-should include: medical history, physical exam, orthopedic screening, wellness screening
-establishes a baseline
satisfies insurance and liability issue

Back 122

pre-participation examinations

Front 123

__ serve as future references, can shed light on events that may be hazy following an incident, are necessary in litigation, and should be filed in the athletic training room

Back 123

injury reports

Front 124

-keep track of AT services so daily treatments can be recorded
-can be used as legal documentation in instances of litigation

Back 124

treatment log

Front 125

contains contact information for family, personal, physician, and insurance information

Back 125

personal information card

Front 126

injuries and progress should be monitored by athletic trainer and recorded with SOAP not format. SOAP stand for __

Back 126

S: subjective (history of injury/illness)
O: Objective (information gathered during evaluation)
A: Assessment (opinion of injury based on information gained during evaluation)
P: Plan (short and long term goals of rehab)

Front 127

inventory must be taken __ in order to effectively replenish supplies

Back 127

yearly

Front 128

-written consent is required
-waiver must be signed for any release

Back 128

release of medical records

Front 129

-broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport
-involves a number of specialties involving active populations
-typically classified as relating to performance enhancement or injury care and management

Back 129

sports medicine

Front 130

what year was the NATA founded? And what does it stand for?

Back 130

1950, National Athletic Trainers Association

Front 131

what year was the IFSM founded? and what does it stand for?

Back 131

1928, International Federation of Sports Medicine

Front 132

when was the NSCA founded and what does it stand for?

Back 132

1978, National Strength and Conditioning Association

Front 133

when was NCAA CCSMAS founded and what does it stand for?

Back 133

1985, NCAA Committee on Competitive Safegaurds and Medical Aspects of Sports

Front 134

purpose is to enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries

Back 134

National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA)

Front 135

NATA now has __ members

Back 135

30,000

Front 136

-interested in the study of all aspects of sports
-membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sposts
-18,000 members

Back 136

american college of sports medicine

Front 137

what are the two kinds of accreditation you can get from the NSCA?

Back 137

-Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)
-NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT)

Front 138

-collects and develops pertinent information regarding desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures
-supervises drug education and drug testing programs

Back 138

NCAA Committee on Competitive Safegaurds and Medical Aspects of Sports

Front 139

a person charged with injury prevention and heath care provision for the athlete

Back 139

athletic trainer

Front 140

AT's deal with the athlete and injury from its __ until the athlete returns to full competition

Back 140

inception

Front 141

-prevention of AI
-clincal eval and diagnosis
-immediate care of injuries
-treatment, rehab, and reconditioning of AI
-health care administration
-professional responsibilities

Back 141

roles and responsibilities of the AT

Front 142

-risk management
-pathology of injuries and illnesses
-assessment and evaluation
-acute care
-pharmacological aspects of injury and illness
-theraputic modalities and exercise

Back 142

AT education competencies

Front 143

major concern on the part of the ATC should be __

Back 143

the athlete

Front 144

ATC must keep parents informed, particularly in the __ setting

Back 144

secondary school

Front 145

AT works under direct supervision of a __

Back 145

pysician

Front 146

why have there been dramatic transformation in employment settings for the ATC since 1950?

Back 146

the creation of the NATA

Front 147

AMA officially recognized athletic training as an allied health profession

Back 147

june 1990

Front 148

entry level college and university athletic training education programs at both undergraduate and graduate levels are now accredited by __

Back 148

Commission on Accrediting Athletic Training Education (CAATE)

Front 149

advanced graduate AT programs are designed for people that are already __

Back 149

certified ATC's

Front 150

requirements for certification as an AT are set by the __

Back 150

National Athletic Trainer's Association Board of Certification (NATABOC)

Front 151

__ is a prerequisite for licensure in most states

Back 151

BOC certification

Front 152

ATC's are required to go to __ CEU's over the course of 3 years

Back 152

75

Front 153

__ will become the rule, not the exception for ATC's in the future

Back 153

third party billing (billing insurance)

Front 154

there is a potential for expansion of AT's in the __

Back 154

military

Front 155

physical injury or wound sustained in sport, produced by internal or external force

Back 155

trauma

Front 156

results from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter

Back 156

mechanical injury

Front 157

injury in sports can be the result of __ directed on the body or can occur within the body __

Back 157

external forces, internally

Front 158

force that pulls and stretches tissues

Back 158

tension

Front 159

pulling tissue beyond yield point resulting in damage

Back 159

stretching

Front 160

force that results in tissue crush

Back 160

compression

Front 161

force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue

Back 161

shearing

Front 162

force on a horizontal beam that places stress within the structure

Back 162

bending

Front 163

two kinds of soft or non-bony tissue

Back 163

inert and contractile

Front 164

ligaments, skin, cartilage, capsules, fascia, dura mater, and nerve roots

Back 164

inert tissues

Front 165

muscles, tendons and bony insertions

Back 165

contractile tissue

Front 166

friction, scraping, compression, tearing, cutting, and penetrating

Back 166

skin injuries due to mechanical forces

Front 167

continuous rubbing over skin surface that causes a collection of fluid below or within epidermal layer

Back 167

friction blister

Front 168

skin is scraped against rough surface resulting in capillary exposure due to skin removal

Back 168

abrasion

Front 169

compression or crush injury of skin surface that produces bleeding under the skin

Back 169

skin bruise (contusion)

Front 170

wound in which skin has been irregularly torn

Back 170

laceration

Front 171

skin that is torn by same mechanism as laceration to the extent that tissue is completely ripped from source

Back 171

skin avulsion

Front 172

wound in which skin has been sharply cut

Back 172

incision

Front 173

penetration of the skin by a sharp object

Back 173

puncture

Front 174

-result of sudden blow to body
-con be both deep and superficial

Back 174

contusions

Front 175

in a contusion, a __ results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue

Back 175

hematoma

Front 176

a localization of extravasated vlood into clot encapulated by connective tissue

Back 176

hematoma

Front 177

-a stretch or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue

Back 177

strains

Front 178

some fibers stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active ROM, movement painful but full range presnet

Back 178

Grade 1 muscle strain

Front 179

number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result

Back 179

Grade II muscle strain

Front 180

complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage

Back 180

Grade III muscle strain

Front 181

-wavy parallel collagenous fivers organized in bundles
-can produce and maintian 8700-18000 lbs/in squared

Back 181

tendons

Front 182

the breaking point of a tendon occurs at __ of increased length

Back 182

6-8%

Front 183

tears generally occur in __ and not in tendon

Back 183

muscle

Front 184

a reflex reaction caused by trauma

Back 184

muscle spasms

Front 185

alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession

Back 185

clonic muscle spasm

Front 186

rigid contraction that lasts a period of time

Back 186

tonic muscle spasm

Front 187

-inflammation of muscle tissue
-fibrositis or inflammation of connective tissue
-plantar fascitis

Back 187

myositis/fascitis

Front 188

-gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes
-obvious signs of swelling and pain

Back 188

tendinitis

Front 189

-inflammation of synovial sheath
-in acture case-rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling
-chronic cases result in thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus

Back 189

tenosynovitis

Front 190

-bones are hold together by a fibrous cuff called the __
-maintains relative joint position

Back 190

joint capsule

Front 191

sheets or bundles or collagen that form connection between bones
-intrinsic (inside the capsule) and extrinsic (outside the capsule

Back 191

ligaments

Front 192

type of synovial joint:
allows movement in all planes

Back 192

ball and socket

Front 193

type of synovial joint:
allows for flexion and extension

Back 193

hinge

Front 194

type of synovial joint:
rotation about the axis

Back 194

pivot

Front 195

type of synovial joint:
elliptical convex and concave articulation

Back 195

ellipsoidal

Front 196

type of synovial joint:
reciprocally convex-concave

Back 196

saddle

Front 197

type of synovial joint:
all sliding back and forth

Back 197

gliding

Front 198

result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue

Back 198

sprains

Front 199

some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness

Back 199

Grade 1 sprain

Front 200

pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability

Back 200

Grade II sprain

Front 201

extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swellig, and ma also represent subluxation

Back 201

grade III sprain

Front 202

1. loss of limb function
2. gross deformity
3. swelling and point tenderness

Back 202

factors associated with dislocations

Front 203

__ is the only absolute way to diagnose a dislocation

Back 203

X-ray

Front 204

-bone shaft, hollow and cylindrical
-covered in compact bone
-medullary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum

Back 204

diaphysis

Front 205

-composed of cancellous bone and has hyaline cartilage covering
-provides areas for muscle attachment

Back 205

epiphysis

Front 206

-dense, white fibrous covering which penetrates bone via sharpey fibers
-contains blood vessels and osteoblasts

Back 206

periosteum

Front 207

inflammation of the periosteum
-result primarily of contusions and produces rigid skin overlying muscle (acute and chronic)

Back 207

periostitis

Front 208

partial or complete disruption that can be either closed or open (through skin)
-serious musculoskeletal condition
-fracture occurs either directly (point of applied force) or indirectly

Back 208

acute bone fractures

Front 209

no specific cause but with a number of possible causes ie overload due to muscle contraction, altered stress distribution etc

Back 209

stress fractures

Front 210

-short onset and duration
-change in hemodynamics, production of exudate, granular leukocytes

Back 210

acute inflammation

Front 211

-long onset and duration
-presence of non=granular leukocytes and extensive scar tissue

Back 211

chronic inflammation

Front 212

rubor

Back 212

redness

Front 213

tumor

Back 213

swelling

Front 214

color

Back 214

heat

Front 215

dolor

Back 215

pain

Front 216

functio laesa

Back 216

loss of function

Front 217

three phases of teh inflammatory response

Back 217

1. inflammatory response phase
2. fibroblastic repair phase
3. maturation and remodeling phase

Front 218

Phase of inflammation:
-healing begins immediately
-injury results in altered metabolism and liberation of various materials
-initial reaction oby leukocytes and phagocytic cells

Back 218

phase one

Front 219

when is this in the inflammatory response?
-vasocontriction and coagulation occur to seal blood vessels and chemical mediators are released
-immediately followed by vasodilation or blood vessel

Back 219

first hour

Front 220

when is this in the inflammatory response?
-vasodilation decreases blood flow, increased blood viscosity resulting in edema (swelling)
-chemical mediators
-swelling increases due to increased vessel permeability

Back 220

second hour

Front 221

when is this in the inflammatory response?
-platelets adhere to exposed collagen leading to formation of plug clot

Back 221

clot formation

Front 222

clots obstruct lymphatic fluid drainage and aid in __ injury

Back 222

localizing

Front 223

clot formation requires the conversion of __ to __

Back 223

fibrinogen to fibrin

Front 224

-occurs when acute inflammatory response does not eliminate injuring agent
-tissue not restored to normal physiologic state
-involves replacement of leudocytes with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

Back 224

chronic inflammation

Front 225

typically associated with overuse, overload, cumulative microtrauma

Back 225

chronic inflammation

Front 226

three phases of scare tissues:

Back 226

-resolution
-restoration
-regeneration

Front 227

complaints of pain and tenderness gradually subside during this period

Back 227

fibroplasia

Front 228

-long-term process
-realignment of collagen relative to applied tensile forces
-continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen=increased strength
-tissue will gradually assume normal appearance
-may require several years to complete

Back 228

phase III: maturation and remodeling

Front 229

raised scars

Back 229

keloids

Front 230

-limited in capacity to heal
-little or no direct blood supply
-chondrocyte and matrix disruption result in variable healing

Back 230

cartilage

Front 231

__ that fails to clot and has no perichondrium heals very slowly

Back 231

articular cartiage

Front 232

if area involves subchondral bone (enhanced blood supply) __ tissue is present and healing proceeds normally

Back 232

granulation

Front 233

-follows similar healing course as other vascular tissues
-proper care will result in acute repair and remodeling phases in same time required by other vascular tissues
-repair phase will involve random laying down of collagen which, as scar forms, will mature and realign in reaction to joint stresses and strain

Back 233

ligaments

Front 234

-when injured, initial bleding followed by proliferation of ground substance and fibroblast
-collagen will matur and orient along lines of tension
-healing could last 6-8 weeks depending on whats injured

Back 234

skeletal muscle healing

Front 235

-requires dense fibrous union of separated ends
-abundance of collagen is required for good tensile strength

Back 235

tendon

Front 236

nerves heal at a rate of __ mm per day

Back 236

3-4

Front 237

NSAIDS

Back 237

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Front 238

major aim involves pain free movemnt, full strength power and full extensibility of associated muscles

Back 238

therapeutic exercise

Front 239

5 steps of fracture healing

Back 239

-hematoma formation
-cellular proliferation
-callus formation
-ossificaiton
-remodeling

Front 240

when bone dies and union/healing will not occur (head of femur, navicular of wrist, talus, bone fragments)

Back 240

avascular necrosis

Front 241

3 ways bone may not heal properly

Back 241

-poor blood supply
-poor immobilization
-infection

Front 242

-major indicator of injury
-both individual and subjective

Back 242

pain

Front 243

fast pain is localized and carried through __

Back 243

A-delta axons

Front 244

slow pain is percceived as aching throbbing or burning, transmitted through __

Back 244

C fibers

Front 245

pain less than 6 months in duration

Back 245

acute pain

Front 246

pain longer than 6 months

Back 246

chronic pain

Front 247

pain which occurs away from actual site of injury/irritation

Back 247

referered pain

Front 248

__ are sensative to pressure and can produce paresthesia

Back 248

A-alpha fibers

Front 249

pain theory that says: pain goes through gate and brain decides

Back 249

central biasing theory

Front 250

pain theory that says:
pain waves go to brain which releases B-endorphins

Back 250

B-endorphin

Front 251

you must break the __ cycle through treatment to cure pain

Back 251

pain-spasm-hypoxia-pain