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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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work=__
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force x distance (J)
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Power=__
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work/time (watts)
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refers to the measurement of a work output
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ergometry
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refers to the apparatus or device used to measure a specific type of work
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ergometer
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was developed more than 100 years ago and remains a popular ergometer in exercise physiology labs today. this type of ergometer is a stationary exercise bicycle that permits accurate measurement of a the amount of work performed
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cycle ergometer
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how do you determine the distance the wheels of a cycle ergometer travel?
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the distance covered by the revolution of the wheel x the number of pedal revolutions
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calculation of the work performed while a subject runs or walks on a treadmill is not generally possible when teh treadmill is __
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horizontal
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the amount of vertical rise per 100 units of belt travel
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percent grade
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vertical displacement=__
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% grade x distance
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Foodstuff + O2 --> ATP + HEAT(what is measured)
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direct calorimetry
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the process of measuring a persons metabolic rate via the measurement of heat production
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direct calorimetry
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foodstuff + O2 (what is measured) --> Heat + CO2 + H20
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indirect calorimetry
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where the direct relationship between O2 consumed and teh amount of heat produced in teh body is used to measure metabolic rate
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indirect calorimetry
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the most common technique used to measure oxygen consumption today is __
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open-circuit spirometry
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what does METS stand for?
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metabolic equivalent
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% net efficiency =
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work output/energy expended x 100
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three factors that effect exercise efficiency:
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work rate, movement speed, muscle fiber type
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as work rate increases, exercise efficiency __
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decreases
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there is an __ speed of movement at any given work rate
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optimum (inverted parabolic curve)
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expressing VO2 as a function fo the body weight
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relative VO2
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the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environemnt
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homeostasis
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a steady and unchanging level of some physiological variable
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steady state
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__ is a steady state, but a steady state is not necessarily __
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homeostasis, homeostasis
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a series of interconnected components that maintain a chemical or physical parameter of teh body near a constant value
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biological control system
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biological control systems are composed of 3 elements:
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a sensor, a ontrol center, and effectors
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a receptor in teh body capable of detecting change in teh variable in question
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sensor
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integrates the strength of teh incoming signal from teh sensor and sends an appropriate message to effectors
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control center
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receive message from control center and brings about the appropriate repsone to correct teh distrubance
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effectors
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an important class of biological control systems in the body that serves to restore normal values of a variable to maintin homeostasis
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negative food back
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act to increase the original stimulus
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positive feedback
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the capability of the control system of correcting a disturabance in homeostasis
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gain (control system)
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refers to a change in teh sturcture and function of a cell or organ system that results in an improved ability to maintain homeostasis
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adaptation
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the improved function of an existing homeostatic system
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acclimation
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refers to a system of communication between cells that coordinates cellular activites
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cell signalling
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occurs when a chemical messenger is produced inside a cell that triggers a signaling pathway within teh same cell that leads to a specific cellular response
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intracrine signaling
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when cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact, in which teh cytoplasm of one cell is in contact with teh cytoplasm of another through small junctions that connect the two cell membranes
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juxtracrine signaling
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occurs when a cell produces and releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid that acts upon the cell producing the signal
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autocrine signaling
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when some cells produce signals that act locally on nearby cells (paracrine signals) to bring about a coordinated response
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paracrine signaling
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when cells release chemical signals (hormones) into the blood and these hormones are then carried out throughout the body
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endocrine signaling
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all the collective chemical reactions in the body
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metabolism
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__ was the first person to mention exercise
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hippocrates
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a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement
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work
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__ is done when force acts against resistance to produce motion
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work
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__ is how much work is done per unit time
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power
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one of teh simplest ergometers was developed by teh harvard fatigue lab - __
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the harvard step test
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why does bodyweight not matter on a cycle ergometer?
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because the force is in the fly wheel, not her body
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units of energy expenditure:
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kcal (calorie)
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kind of calorimetry: precise, but expensive and not feasible for exercise research
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direct calorimetry
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what kind of calorimetry uses a metabolic cart?
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indirect
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you burn __ kcal per L of O2 consumed
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5
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1 MET = __ ml/kg/min
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3.5
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how much work is accomplished relative to the energy used
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efficiency
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work rate has an __ relationship with efficiency
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inverse
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we use __ when we can't calculate efficincy
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economy
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lower VO2 = __ economy
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better
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homeostasis represents a __ constancy
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dynamic
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protein synthesis, phophorylation, energy production, maintenance of appropriate amount of nutrients are all examples of __ control systems
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intracellular
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sensors of blood pressure in arteries, sensors of O2 and C02, sensorys of sodium in teh kidney, sensors of tension and stretch in the muscles are examples of __ control systems
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anatomical
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an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in teh pancreas that produce insulin
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Type I diabetes
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when elevated blood glucose and insulin leads to insulin resistance
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type II diabetes
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what are two examples of adaptation?
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heat, altitude
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used to combat disrucptoin caused by a stressor
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stress protiens
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exercise training __ the amount of stress proteins in muscle
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increases
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synthesis of molecules (use up energy)
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anabolic reactions
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breakdown of molecules (give off energy)
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catabolic reactions
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the process of converting foodstuffs into a biologically usuable form of energy (ATP)
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bioenergetics
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__ elements compose __% of the human body
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4, 95
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the elements that compose the bulk of the human body
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hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
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why are cells the size they are?
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small enough to decrease surface area to transport materials but big enough to hold organelles
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the muscle cell membrane is called the __
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sarcolemma
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runners would have more mitochondria than football players because mitochondria need __
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O2
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the origin of all energy is the __
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sun
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kind of cellular chemical reaction that requires energy to be added
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endergonic
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kind of cellular chemical reaction that releases energy
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exergonic
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the breakdown of glucose is a __ reaction
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exergonic
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what is an example of a coupled reaction?
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RED-OX reactions
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reactions in which the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to "drive" a second reaction
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coupled reactions
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the process of REMOVING AN ELECTRON from a molecule
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oxidation
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the process of ADDING AN ELECTRON to an atom of molecule
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reduction
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oxidation and reduction are __ coupled reactions
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always
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very imporant in producing energy (especially for muscle contraction)
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metabolic oxidizing agents (gain electorn and H+ from others)
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the speed of cellular chemical reactions is regulated by catalysts called __
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enzymes
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regulate metabolic pathways in a cell but don't cause reactions
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enzymes
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the energy required to initiate chemcial reactions is __
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activation energy
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enzymes are catalysts because they __ teh activation energy required
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lower
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the way enzymes lower activation energy is due to __
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sturctural characteristics
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enzymes operate on a __ model
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lock and key
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three factors that alter enzyme acitivty
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temperature, pH, other enzyme co-factors
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broken down into glucose and stored as glycogen in muscle tissue/liver, can be broken down to produce energy, 4 kcals/gram
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carbohydrates
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long carbon chains, stored as triglycerides in fat cells and muscle, broken down by lipolysis into fatty acids and sued by krebs cycle to produce energy, 9 kcals/gram
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fats
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composed of amino acids, not a great source of energy, many amino acids can be converted inot metabolic intermediates to directly participate in energy production, 4 kcal/hgram
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protiens
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the amino acid __ can be converted to glucose by teh liver
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alanine
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the immediate source of energy for muscular contraction
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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the production of ATP requires __
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energy
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the production of ATP is an __ reaction, the breakdown of ATP is an ___ reaction
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endergonic, exergonic
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the three ways that muscle cells can produce ATP through metabolic pathways
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phosphocreatine breakdown, glycolysis, oxidative formation of ATP (krebs cycle, ETC)
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glycolysis happens in the __
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cytoplasm (sarcoplsam)
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the krebs cycle occurs in the __
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matrix of the mitochondria
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the simplest and most rapid method for producing ATP involves donating a phsophate group and its bond energy form PCR to ADP to form ATP
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phosphocreatine system
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the enzyme that helps the phosphocreatine breakdown to an inorganic phosphate and creatine
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creatine kinase
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__ of creatine leads to increased stores of muscle PCr and improved high intensity cycling
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20 g/day
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a second metabolic pathway capable of producing ATP without the involvement of oxygen
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glycolysis
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__ participates in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
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glycolysis
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glycolysis breaks down 1 molecule of glucose into __ molecules of __ or __
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2, pyruvate or lactate
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glycolysis transfers the bond energy in glucose to reform bonds between __ and __
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ADP and inorganic phosphates
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lactate is the __ form of lactic acid because of the bodies pH
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salt
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if O2 is available in glycolysis then __ is produced
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pyruvate
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if O2 is unavailable in glycolysis then __ is produced
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lactate
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a molecule of glucose has __ atoms of carbon
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6
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the two sources of glucose and glycogen for glycolysis are __ and __
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muscle glycogen, blood glucose
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phosphoralation means to __
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add a phosphate group
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what is the rate limiting enzyme (enzyme that catalyzes glcolysis reaction) in glycolysis?
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phosphofructoinase (PFK)
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the oxidation (hydrogen removal) of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins using NAD+ and FAD as hydrogen (energy) carriers
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krebs cycle
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transfers hydrogens (electrons) to the intermembrane space in the mitochondria to generate an energy potnetial necessary for ATP generation
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electron transport chain
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__ is required as the last step of this process (oxidative phosphorylation) where it accepts __ hydrogen molecules to form water
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oxygen, 2
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the krebs cycle occur in the __
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mitchondrial matrix
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the electron transport chain occurs in the __
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membranes of the mitochondria
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in the krebs cycle, __ becomes __ via glycolysis
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glucose, pyruvate
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1 molecule of glucose --> __ turns of the krebs cycle
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2
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substrates that can be prepared to enter the krebs cycle (3)
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glucose, triglycerides, protiens
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all substrates enter the kreb cycle at a common place as __, a 2 carbon molecule
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Acetyl-CoA
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the primary function of the krebs cycle
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remove hydrogens and energy associated with their bonds; produce CO2
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the enzyme that begins the krebs cycle
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oxaloacetate
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the rate limiting enzyme of the krebs cycle (controls whether it is on or off)
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isocitrate dehydrogenase
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stored triglycerides in adipose tissue or muscle cells are broken down by __ into free fatty acids and glycerol
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lipases
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fatty acids of broken down triglycerides can undergo __ for conversion to Acetyl-CoA
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beta oxidation
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there are __ reactions that chop up fatty acids into Acetyl CoA. the process continues until all of the carbons are converted
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4
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proteins are degraded into __ in muscle of released into the blood to provide substrate or intermediates for the krebs cycle
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amino acids
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protein is less than __% of substrate used during 1 hour of exercise comes from AA's
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2
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__ is limited as an energy source because of slow rate of energy release and necessity of protein for muscle/cell function
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protein
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provides energy during prolonged (>2 hours), low intensity exercise (proteases are activated)
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protein
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ATP production is possible because of the __ available in reduced hydrogen carriers such as NADH and FADH (from glycolysis, krebs, etc.)
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potential energy
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NADH and FADH don't directly pass off their H's onto oxygen, they are passed down a series of complexes (cytochromes) that generate a __ between teh intermembrane and matrix space
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large protein gradient
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the ptoential energy contained in the intermembrane space of teh electorn transport chain travels down the final complex in teh chain (ATP synthatse_ to generate ATP known as the __
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chemiosmotic hypothesis
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how many total ATP can be generated through by glycolysis with one molecule of glucose
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32
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how many total ATP can be generated through by glycolysis with one molecule of glycogen
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33
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energy contained in teh ATP molecules produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose/total potential energy in 1 glucose molecule
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efficiency of respiration
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1 mol of ATP has __ of energy
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7.3
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aerobic ATP production has __% effiency, __% is lost as heat
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34, 66
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glycolysis proivdes __ ATP's and __ NADH's
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2, 2
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converting Pyruvate to acetylCoA gnerates __ NADH's
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2
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the krebs cycle provides __ GTP, __ NADH, and __ FADH per pyruvate
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1, 3, 1
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__ occurs in the first few minutes of exercise until aerobic ATP production meets the ATP demand of exercise
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oxygen deficit
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at the beginning of of exercise there is a __ until respiration increases and teh vasculature shunts blood to active muscles
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lag in oxygen uptake
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during __ anaerobic ATP supply from PCr and glycolysis meet the ATP demands
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O2 lag time
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system sinvolved to sustain a steady state of exercise
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC
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what exceptions to steady state exercise are there?
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high heat and humidity, high intensity exercise (>70% VO2 max)
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the phenomeneon of the execptions to steady state exercise
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drift
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what does EPOC stand for?
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excess post exercise oxygen consumption
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the two components of EPOC
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slow and rapid
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the component of EPOC in which the body resotres PCr and O2 stores in muscle
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rapid component
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the component of EPOC in which the body converts lactate back to glucose in the liver (gluconeogensis), provides energy for elevated HR and respiration, increase metabolic rate
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slow component
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sources of fuel during exercise (4)
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lactate, protein, carbs, fat
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body fuel sources during exercise (carbohydrates)
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muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, blood glucose
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what are the oxidative energy systems
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krebs cycle, ETC
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body fuel sources during exercise (fat)
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triglycerides in adipose, triglycerides in muscle tissue, free fatty acids in blood
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muscle triglycerides are broken into __ FFA + glycerol
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3
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when glycogen stores run low, utilization of __ is reduced because glycolysis produces krebs cycle intermediates (pyruvate) necessary for its oxidation
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fat
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body fuel sources during exercise (lactate)
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cori cycle in liver, muscle and heart lactate
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when blood lactate is converted back to glucose in the liver by way of gluconeogensis
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cori system
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body fuel sources during exercise (protein)
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amino acids in blood, amino acids in muscle
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provides energy during prolonged (>2) hours, low intensity exercise (proteases are activated)
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protein
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the ratio fo carbon dioxide producing teh oxygen consumed at a steady state measured with a metabolic cart
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respiratory exchange ration (RER)
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estimates the percentage of carbs and fat utilization
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RER
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as intensity of exercise increases, fat burning % __ and carb burning % __
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decreases, increases
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as intensity increases fuel source shifts from fat to carbs due to (3)
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recruitment of fast twitch fibers (high levels of glycolytic enzymes and few mitochondria), increased blood levels of epinephrine (increases glycogen breakdown), increased blood levels of lactate (inhibits fat oxidation)
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as exercise intenstiy increases, RER __
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increases
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as exercise duration increases, % fat burned __ and % carb burned __
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increases, decreases
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as time increase, RER __
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slightly decreases, then levels off
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isocitrate is influenced by __ (turns the krebs cycle on) and __ (turns the krebs cycle off)
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NAD+, NADH
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RER=__
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VCO2/VO2
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the rate limiting enzyme of the ETC is __
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cytochrome oxidase
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