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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
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the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the life span
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lifespan development
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lifespan development takes a __ approach and focuses on __ development
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scientific, human
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development lasts from __
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conception until death
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T/F one single period governs all development
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FALSE
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development involving the body's phsycal makeup, including teh brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and teh need for food, drink, and sleep
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physical development
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development invovling the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a persona behavior
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cognitive development
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examine learning, memory, probelm-solving, and intelligence
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cognitive developmentalists
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development involving the ways that the enduring characterisitcs that differntiate one person from another change over the life span
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personality development
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the way in which individuls interactions iwth others and their social relathionships grow, change, and remain stable over teh course of life
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social development
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how long is the prenatal period?
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conception to birth
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how long is the infancy and toddlerhood period?
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birth to 3
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how long is the preschool period
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3-6
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how long is the middle childhood period?
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6-12
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how long is the adolescent period?
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12-20
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how long is the you adulthood period?
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20-40
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how long is the middle adulthood period?
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40-60
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how long is the late adulthood period?
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60-death
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a shard notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time
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social construction
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time periods are __
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social constructions
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there are __ in the timing of events in peoples lives
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individual differnces
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a group of people born at around the same time in teh same place
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cohort
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cohort effects are an example of __
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history-graded influnces
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biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment
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history-graded influences
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biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised
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age-graded influences
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the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership
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sociocultural-graded influences
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specific, atypical events that occur in a particular persons life at a time when such events do not happen to most people
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non-normative life events
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gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
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continuous change
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development that occurs in distinct steps or stages with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qulaitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
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discontinuous change
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a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for develpoment to proceed normally
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critical period
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a point in development when organisms are particiularlly suseptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
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senstive period
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traits, abilities and capacities that are inherited form ones parents
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nature
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the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
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maturtation
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the environemtal influences that shape behavior
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nuture
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explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest providing a framework for understanding the relationships amoung an organized set of facts or principles
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theories
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the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awarness and control
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psychodynamic perspective
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the theory propsed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
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psychoanalyitc theory
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according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part
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psychosexual development
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a part of the personailty about which a person is unaware (Freud)
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unconscious
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the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personatliy that is present at birth (freud)
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id
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the part of personality that is rational and reasonable (Freud)
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ego
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part of persnoality that represents a persons conscience, incorporationg distictions between right and wrong
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superego
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the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandign of one another, as wewll as in our knowledge and understanding of ouselves as members of society
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psychosocial development
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father of psychosocial development
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erik erickson
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the approach that suggest that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the enviornment
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behavioral perspective
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a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
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classical conditioning
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a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with postivie and negative consequences
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operant conditioning
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a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing teh incidence of unwanted ones
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behavior modification
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learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
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social-cognitive theory
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the process y which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated
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reinforcement
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the introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus, will decrease the robability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future
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punishment
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the approach that focuses on teh processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
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cognitive perspective
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the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
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information processing approaches
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the approach that examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
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cognitive neuroscience approaches
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considers cognition as made up of different types of individual siklls
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neo-Piagetian theory
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the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
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humanistic theory
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the theory that conisders the relationship between individuals and their physical cognitive, personatily and social worlds
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contextual prespective
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the perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
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bioecological approach
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what are the levels of the bioecological approach?
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microsystem, mesosytem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
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what level of the bioecological approach is this?
the everyday, immediate environment of childrens daily ives |
microsystem
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what level of the bioecological approach is this?
connects the various aspects of the microsystem. binds children to parents, studenst to teacher, employees to bosses, friends to friends. |
mesosystem
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what level of the bioecological approach is this?
represents broader inluences: societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media |
exosystem
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what level of the bioecological approach is this?
represents the larger cultural influences on an indivudal, including society in generaltypes of governments, religious and plitical value systems, and other, broad encompassing factors |
macrosystem
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what level of the bioecological approach is this?
underlies each of the precious systems. involves the way the passage of times including hisotrical events |
chronosystem
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the bioecological approach emphasizers the __
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interconnectedness of the influences on development
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the dominant western philosophy that emphasizes personal indentity, uniquenness, freedom, and the worth of the individual
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individualism
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the notion that the well-being of teh group is more important than that of the indivdual
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collectivism
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the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
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sociocultural theory
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the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
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evolutionary perspective
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sociocultural theroy emphasizes that development is a ___ between the poeple ina childs environment and teh child
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reciprocal transaction
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the field that examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior
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ethology
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studies the effects of heredity on beavior
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behavioral genetics
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the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled, techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
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scientific method
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broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest
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theories
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what are the three major steps of the scientific method
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1. identifying questions of interest, 2 formulating an explanation, 3. carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it
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a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
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hypothesis
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research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
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correlational research
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research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
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experimental research
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the strength and idrection of a relationship between two factors is represnted by a mathematical score that ranges from 1.0- -1.0
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correlation coefficient
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indicates that as teh value of one factor increases, it can be predicted that teh value of the other will also increase
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positive correlation
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informs us that as teh value of one factor increases, the value of the other factor declines
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negative correlation
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a type of correlationsal study in which some naturally occuring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
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naturalistic obervation
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studies that involve extnensive, in-depth interview with a particular indivual or small groups of individuals
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case studies
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a type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic
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survey research
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research that focuses on teh relationship between physiological processes and behavior
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psychophysiological methods
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a method that borows from anthropology and is used to investigate cultural questions
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ethnography
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where researchers choose particular settings of interest and seek to carefully describe in narrative fashion waht is occurring and why
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qualitative research
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uses electrodes placed on the skull to record electrical activity in teh brain
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electroenecphalogram (EEG)
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a computer constructs an image of teh brain by cominign thousands of individal xrays taken at slightly different angles
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computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
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provides a detailed three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activiy by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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a process in which an investigator called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants
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experiment
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the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiement
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independent variable
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the variable that researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of the experimental manipulation
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dependent variable
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when participants are assigned to different experimental group sor conditions puerly on teh basis of chance
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random assignement
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the group of aprticipants chosen for the experiment
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sample
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a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
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field study
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a research investigationconducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to gold events constant
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labrotory study
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research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
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theoretical research
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research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
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applied research
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research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a stdy is measured as they age
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longitudianal study
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research in which people of different agges are compared at the same point in time
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cross-sectional research
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reaserach in which reserachers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
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sequential studies
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zthe new cell formed by teh process of fertilization
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zygote
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the basic unit of genetic information
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genes
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the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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rod shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
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chromosomes
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wins who are genetically identical
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monozygotic twins
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twins who are produced when two seperate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
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dizygotic twins
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the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are presnet
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dominant trait
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a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed
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recessive trait
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the underlying comination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
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genotype
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an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen
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phenotype
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inheriting from parents similar gens for a given trait
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homozygous
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inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
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heterozygous
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inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for teh porduction of a particular trait
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polygenic inheritence
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genes that are considered recessibe and located only on the X chromosome
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X-linked genes
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the study of the effects of herdity on behavior
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behavioral genetics
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when genes, for no reason, spontaneously chagne their form
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spontaneous mutation
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a disorder produced by teh presence of an extra chomosome on teh 21st pair; once referred to as monogolism
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fragile X syndrome
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a blood disorder that gets its name form teh shape of the red blood cells in those who have it
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sickle cell anemia
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a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
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tay-sachs disease
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a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
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klinefelters syndrome
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the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
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genetic counseling
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a chart contaiing enlarged photos of each of teh chromosomes
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karyotype
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combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography in teh 11th to the 13th week of prgnancy and can identify chomosomal abnormalities and other disorders
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first trimester screen
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a process in whcih high frequency sound waves scan teh mothers womb to produce an image of teh unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed
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ultrasound sonography
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a test used to find genetic defescts that involves taking smaples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
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chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fletus
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amniocentesis
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patterns of arousal and emotionality that represnet consistent and enduring characterisitcs in an individual
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temperament
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the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
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multifactorial transmision
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the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays
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neuroticsm
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the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable
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extroversion
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the process by which a sperm and an ovum-the male and female gametes, respectively-to join to form a single new cell
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fertilization
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the potential degree of variability in the expression of a trait due to environemntal conditions
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reaction range
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chorionic villus sampling can be done after the __ week
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10th
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amniocentesis can be done after __ weeks
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15
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embryoscopy examines the embryo or fetus during the first __ weeks of pregnancy
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12
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fetal blood sampling is performed after __ weeks of pregnancy
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18
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used to detect abnormalityes in teh first trimester of pregnancy. involves high frequency transvaginal probes and digital image processing. can detect more than 80 percent of all malformations during the 2nd trimester
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sonoembryology
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a monozygotic twin has close to __% chance of developing schizophrenia when the other twin develops the disorder
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50
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a dizygotic twin has close to __% chance of developing schizophrenia when the other twin develops the disorder
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17
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the first and shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception
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germinal stage
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a conduit between teh mother and fetus providing nourishment and oxygen via teh umbilical cord
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placenta
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the period from 2-8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in teh major organs and body systems
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embryonic stage
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the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
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fetal stage
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a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
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fetus
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when the zygote is firmly secured to the wall of the mothers uterus it is called an __
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embryo
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the outer layer of the embryo, will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs and the brian and spinal cord
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ectoderm
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teh inner layer of the embryo produces digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system
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enoderm
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between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles bones, blood, and circulatory systems
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mesoderm
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the inability to concieve after 12-18 months of trying to become pregnant
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infertility
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a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a womans reproductive tract by a physician
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artifical inseminatoin
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a procedure in which a womans ova are removed from her ovaries and a mans sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
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in vitro fertilization (IVF)
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the most common type of artifical inseminatoin
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intracervical insemination
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when sperm is deposited into the uterus after being "washed" a process that concentrates sperm in a small amount of fluid
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intrauterine insemination
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occurs when the embryo detaches from the wall of the uterus and is expelled beore the child can survive outside the womb
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miscarriage
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some __% of pregnancies end in miscarriage
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15-20
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when a mother chooses to terminate pregnancy
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abortion
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a factor that produces a birth defect
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teratogen
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a disorder caused by teh pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulitng in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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a condition in which children display some, although not all of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
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fetal alcohol effects
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the term used for newborns
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neonates
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called flase labor
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braxton hicks contractions
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when teh uterine contractions intially occur around every 8-10 min and last about 30 seconds
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1rst stage of labor
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the contrctions occur more frequently and last longer
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2nd stage of labor
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contractions may occur every 2 minutes and last almost 2 mintues
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last stage of labor
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when the first stage of labor ends, teh contractions reach their gratest intensity, a period known as __
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transition
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the __ stage of labor is the longest
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1rst
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typcially, labor takes __ hours for firstborn children
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16-24
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during the __ stage of labor, which typically lasts around 90 minutes, the baby's head proceeds further with each contraction increasing ithe size of teh vaginal opening
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2nd
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because the area between the vagina and rectum must stretch, an incision called an __ is sometimes made to increase the size of teh opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
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episiotomy
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the second stage of labor ends when __
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the baby has completely left teh mothers body
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in teh __ stage of labor, the childs umbilical cord and placenta are expelled form teh mother
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3rd
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the __ stage of labor is the quickest
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3rd
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a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
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apgar scale
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a restiction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process which can produce cognitive defects
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anoxia
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close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth
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bonding
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infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception
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preterm infants
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infants who weigh less than 2500 g (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth
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low-birthweight infants
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infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent or less of teh average weight of infants of teh same gestational age
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small-for-gestational-age infants
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infants who weight less than 1250 g (around 2.25 lbs) or regardless of weight have been in teh womb less than 30 weeks
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very-low-birthweight infants
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the point at which an infant can survive prematurely to about 22 weeks
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age of viability
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infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mothers due date
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postmature infants
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a brith in which the baby is surgically removed from teh uterus, rather than traveling thorugh the birth canal
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cesarean delivery
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a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
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fetal monitor
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the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
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stillbirth
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death within the first year of life
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infant mortality
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unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in teh presence of certain stimuli
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reflexes
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the decrase in resonse to a stimulus taht occurs after repeated presntations of teh same stimulus
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habituation
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different degrees of sleep and wakefullness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
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states of arousal
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are involuntary reactions to a particular stimulation
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neonatal reflexes
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reflexes that are too strong, too weak, or absent, may indicate __
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neurological deficits
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stepping, babinski, palmar grasp, and moro are all examples of __
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refexes
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__ and __ are reflexes that enable a child to feed
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rooting, sucking
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the idea that people or things exist even if they cannot be seen
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object concept
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when is the object permanance task usually accomplished?
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8-12 months
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when is A not B error typically accomplished?
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12-18 months
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when is the invisibility displacement task usually accoplished by?
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18-24 months
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newborns __ salt, but over the first __ months they develop a preference for it
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dislike, 3-4
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popular method of birthing that uses breathing techniques and relaxation training
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lamaze birthing techniques
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sometimes known as "husband-coached childbirth" is based on teh principle that childbirth should be natural, without medication or medical interventions
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bradley method
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a new, but increasingly popular, technique. involves a form of self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm, thereby reducing pain
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hypnobirthing
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physicians who specialize in delivering babies, have been teh childbirth attendants of choice
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obstetricians
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most often nurses specializing in childbirth that are used primarily for preganancies with no expectations
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midwife
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involves truning in teh direction of a stimulus near the mouth
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rooting reflex
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a greenish-black metrial that is the remnant of the neonates days as a fetus
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meconium
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the yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes because their liver does not function efficiently
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neonatal jaundice
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3 ways that genes can influence the environment
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active correlation, passive correlation, evocative correlation
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a way that genes can influence the environment: shy child seeks solitary activities
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active correlation
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a way that genes can influence the environment: athletic parents create opportunities for children to play sports
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passive correlation
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a way that genes can influence the environment: a smiley baby gets more social stimulus
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evocative corrleation
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