Vertebral artery

a lordotic curve all over its length. As vertebral bodies are normally higher in their posterior aspects, the lordosis is primarily due to the intervertebral discs (IVD) being thicker anteriorly compared to posteriorly. The IVD is about one fifth of the length of the cervical spine. The centrally located nucleus pulposus constitutes nearly half of its cross-sectional area of the intervertebral disc. The primary function of nucleus pulposus is to redistribute an applied force in all direction thus the force can in turn be distributed onto all portions of the strong, fibrous annulus fibrosus and vertebral end plate and can be resisted. The water imbibing properties of the disc decrease after 30-35 years of age, from about 80% in early life to about 60% in geriatric spine. These changes in the degree of hydration is thought to play a important role in the initial stages of cervical disc degeneration. The cervical spine constitute vertebral body anteriorly, neural arch posteriorly, spinous process also posteriorly and zygapophyseal joints posterolaterally. The lateral canal, which is also known as intervertebral foramen lies just anterior and medial to the zygapophyseal joints, through which nerve root are passing. On the superior lateral aspect of the body there is a bony lip, which is also known as the uncinate process, the uncovertebral joint or the joint of Luschka. The neural arch is formed by the pedicles arising from the vertebral body and the lamina. Adherent to the…

The vertebral and the carotid artery nourish a collection of blood vessels called the circle of Willis. The carotid artery supplies blood to most of the cerebral hemispheres. It runs up the lateral sides of the neck, then splits into the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the corpus callosum. The middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral portions of the…

narrowing of the vertebral column, either in the spinal canal, intervertebral foramina, or the intervertebral spaces. The condition is degenerative and widespread, affecting approximately five in every one thousand people (Hsiang, 2015). This report aims to describe the anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord, relating changes in anatomy to the development and presentation of spinal stenosis. Within this discussion, the report includes a comparison of the types of spinal stenosis and…

bring blood to the head, neck, and arms. Innominate artery, sometimes referred as brachiocephalic trunk begins at aortic arch (second branch) and ends at the carotid bifurcation. Innominate artery travels upward and give rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. It supplies blood to the right arm, head, and neck. Right Subclavian artery and Left subclavian artery, On the left side of the body the subclavian comes directly from the aortic arch and ends at the…

The neck is a complex part of the human anatomy. In addition to supporting the head, it serves as a conduit of blood flow and nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. In spite of this essential function, it's highly vulnerable to injury, particularly the carotid and vertebral arteries. The carotid artery is close to the surface of the neck and can be injured by blunt trauma. Both the carotid and vertebral arteries can be injured by rapid or violent motions of the neck or when…

Arterial system of frog Blood vessels, which carry oxygenated blood away from heart to different part of the body, are called arteries. They constitute a system called arterial system. Truncus arterious gives two branches right aortic trunk and left aortic trunk. Each aortic trunk again divides into three branches- a) Carotid arch: it divides into – Lingual artery – it supplies blood to tongue and hyoid. Common carotid – it supplies blood to buccal cavity and brain. it consists swelling at the…

Brain aneurysms are also referred to as a cerebral aneurysm or intracranial aneurysm. There are four major blood vessel s that supply blood to the brain, two carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. These blood vessels join together to form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain, smaller arteries leave the circle and branch out to supply brain cells with oxygen and nutrients. The artery junction points may become weak, as the artery wall becomes thinner from dilation, the blood flow…

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), also known as arterial occlusive disease, is the obstruction or narrowing of aortic passages--including lumen and its major branches. This blockage interrupts blood flow, usually to the feet and legs. The prognosis will vary depending on the occlusion's site. The symptoms vary depending on the location of the occlusion. For example: in femoral arteries, having pain in the feet, no pulse in ankles and feet, and pallor or coolness in legs are symptoms.…

activities such as a motor vehicle accident or hyperextension injury. The most common symptom is pain often occurring with tenderness; paresthesia, sensory loss, and weakness also may occur. Certain body postures may worsen symptoms of the disorder. (McKenzie) “A careful history and thorough clinical examination are the most important components in establishing the diagnosis of TOS, which remains a diagnosis of exclusion” (Hooper). History questions should include the timing of symptoms (during…

considered a very effective treatment with a 72% success rate, varying on the hours of usage. According to two professors in Laval University, “12.9 daily hours of bracing, entails a success rate of 90%” (Pialasse and Simoneau 138). Other than maintaining and correcting the curvature of the spine, bracing also improves any asymmetry a patient might have from scoliosis (Pialasse and Simoneau 137). This gives scoliosis patients a lot of hope for overcoming this spinal deformity and treats it…