Vertebrate

conscious living vertebrates. (p. 115)” What Kolar is trying to say is that there are many viable methods other than the use of living, breathing species. While he chooses not to state these methods he leaves the reader somewhat confused. The next R is reduction, “lowering the number of animals used to obtain information of a given amount and precision. (p. 116)” His point is fairly self explanatory that he says that the amount of animals we are testing on is unnecessary, and that we can easily reduce the number of animals we use. And the final R being refinement. Kolar explains refinement as a “decrease in the incidence of severity of inhumane procedures applied to those animals, which have to be used. (p. 116)” or in other words change the procedures we use on animals to make it more comfortable and less painful for the animals while they’re being tested on. One major issue that is brought up when talking about animal testing the the morality of the idea, and in Victor Popa’s article, Bioethics in Animal Experimentation (2015), he talks about that exact issue. To give the reader a better idea of what animal testing is he clearly states under law what animal testing, or experimentation, is. Popa writes “Generally, they would be understood as any experimental procedure carried out on an organism from the zoological (taxonomic) category Animalia. However, in existing legislation, reference is made mostly to vertebrate animals, based on the assumption that only vertebrates…

Chordates, which is the phylum or classification of fish and mammals of the sea, are the most developed marine organisms. Scientists believe that Chordates originated about 590 million years ago. The original organisms of the Chordata phylum are believed to have lacked skeletal structures, and therefore, left a very undetermined fossil record. The vertebrate fossil record begins approximately 400 million years ago. Early Chordates were tunicates, marine organisms that would frequently form…

The picture is showing the natures' magazine with a fossilized fish and a tagline that said "When Fins Became Limbs" on its cover. Assuming the content must be the relationship between the swimming fish and the early land-living animals. The magazine cover is Tiktaalik, and it is intermediate between fish and the primitive land-living animal (tetrapod). And the picture connection to the relevant chapter is that, the first chapter talks about how paleontologists try to find the fossil…

Introduction: Galaxiids are freshwater fish belonging to the galxiidae family. There are migratory and non-migratory species found in New Zealand. The migratory galaxiid fish that are native to New Zealand, are the Giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus), short-jaw kōkopu (Galaxias postvectis) and the banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) (DOC, 2010). Galaxiids generally breed in Autumn and their breeding and migratory patterns differ depending on the species (DOC, 2010). The adults of kōkopu species…

butterflies are vertebrates. Sarah’s mother, Amanda, said butterflies are not vertebrates because they are insects and they are part of the arthropods. However, the interesting thing was Sarah’s parrot which also can fly as a butterfly is a vertebrate because parrot is a backboned animal. She said that ant, ladybug, fly which usually have three pairs of legs are insects. After a few minutes, Sarah concludes that vertebrates cannot fly like butterflies. She found out that the ear is the organ of…

1.One anatomical feature in the vertebra is called the parapophysis which is part of transversal processes in the vertebrae. Transversal processes is a protuberance where that feature projects outward from the side of the vertebrae. Because the parapophysis is located on the dorsal side of the neural spine, one of its functions would be to help form a wide ribcage and provide sufficient space for a big gut. Type of thyreophoran dinosaur: Stegosaurus Case/ specimen number: uncatalogued 2. A…

The two papers Understanding vertebrate brain evolution and Comparative primate neuroimaging: insights into human brain evolution look at the evolution of the vertebrate brain. Both papers recognize the value of comparative studies to facilitating the understanding of the brain. While knowing what changes have occurred in the brain is insightful, knowing how and why those changes have occurred is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the vertebrate brain. The ultimate goal is to…

Seahorses Rachel Smith Biology 104 03 April 2015 Seahorses are majestic creatures that roam the aquatic depths and fascinate mankind with their unique body type. Seahorse is the name given to fifty-four species of small aquatic fishes in the genus Hippocampus. "Hippocampus" comes from the Ancient Greek word hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster". Seahorses are also classified as Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Sub-phylum Vertebrata, Class Osteichthyes and Order Perciformes…

Determining phylogenetic relationships of marine invertebrate and vertebrate using variation in muscle proteins of different genera; Ostreidae , Teuthida, Pectinidae, Nephropidae, Caridea, Brachyura and Oncorhynchus. Introduction The fundamental core of all biology emanates from evolution, as the great evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky once said "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"(1973). Therefore, studying the phylogenetic relationships of different…

All organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates, must have necessary nutrients to maintain life. In invertebrates, either a transport system or diffusion provides nutrients to the body. For vertebrates, a closed transport is used to transport blood away from the heart. Both of these scenarios are key to an organism 's health. Some invertebrates do not require a circulatory system. While these organisms do not require a circulatory system, they require certain nutrients to be readily available.…