T cell

Prior to reading the article, I had never thought much about the external placement, or lack thereof, of the male scrotum. I was sure that it had always been that way, and there was no significant meaning for its placement. However, after reading the article, “The Scrotum is Nuts”, I agree more with the hypothesis of Michael Chance and Roland Frey, “The Galloping Hypothesis”. It is hypothesized that the external placement of the testes was due to the increase abdominal pressure from movement by…

kingdoms, they get classified into the Protist kingdom.(Article 1)”When scientists can’t figure out where to put organisms that do not match with the characteristics of a particular kingdom, they are placed in the Protista Kingdom. “All protist have cells with a nuclei. All protist live in moist environment. All protist are Eukaryotic, they can be unicellular or multicellular.…

this type of prokaryotes is called heterotrophic. -Fungi: Have no cell walls in their structure but they are multicellular. Fungi also don’t have chlorophyll, saprophytic feeders. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms therefore they are…

mildly affected kids living with minor tweaks in their DNA. With mitochondrial mutations and diseases documented as early as 1988, our concerns for future advancements have raised eyebrows amongst the human race. Mitochondria lay within our cells right next to our…

Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease, also known as “MEB” and “Congenital Muscular Dystrophy.” Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease is a rare disease, discovered in 1977, in Finland, but it's unknown who discovered the disease. Finland has the largest number of Muscle-Eye-Brain disease patience and is rare in many other countries. Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease is an inherited condition, form of muscle weakness is present or develops after birth. The infant then feels floppy in the muscles also in…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

The egg is an example of an animal cell that is placed in environments of different tonicity. The vinegar was used to dissolve the shell so that we can see the effects when we placed the egg either in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution. Since the egg membrane is semipermeable similar to the cell membrane, it only allows specific substances to pass in and out of the egg membrane down its concentration gradient. In this case, we are trying to measure to the diffusion of water that goes in and out…

Initiative as combinations of technology begin to emerge (Bargmann BRAIN 2025). An example of this combination of technology is when scientists combing advance genetic and optical techniques, it allows them to use pulses of light to determine how specific cell activities in the brain affect behavior (The BRAIN). Animal research technologies that are BRAIN-supported will inspire next-generation devices for human brain monitoring and therapies using optical, acoustic and magnetic modalities…

In a new article published in the New York Times, a study was conducted that proves that children who are born from older fathers have a higher risk of getting a mental illness, compared to their siblings. These mental illnesses include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism (Carey 2014). The study was conducted in Sweden since they keep good track of their medical records. This made it easier for researchers to look at siblings and see if the age of the father had any correlation with…

Technology has advanced so far that it has created new opportunities for parents to genetically modify their offspring. This new technology allows parents to choose their desired traits such as the offspring’s gender, eye color, handedness, addictive behavior, nutritional background and athleticism. Many people refer to this new technology as designer babies. This name is termed by many journalists because its purpose is to give more control to parents over their child’s genes before they are…