Skeletal system

Fracture is defined as a discontinuity of the bone [1]. Oral and maxillofacial surgeon treats traumatic injuries. Most of the traumatic injuries are comprised of Mandibullar fractures. The most commonly fracture site in the body is the facial area [2, 3] and the most frequent site in the facial area is mandible [4, 5]. As facial area is without protective covering and the mandible is the most protruded bone this area. The occurrence of injuries in the facial area tends to be high in the facial…

The humorous in the upper arm and the femur in the lower leg are examples of long bones in the arms and legs. Also there is the ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the lower leg. Long bones function is to support weight of the body. The femur is the longest bone in the body. Long bones also include the metatarsals, phalanges and the metacarpals. Long bones simplify movement. The flat bones in the body include the cranial bones, ribs, sternum and the scapula. Flat bones have function…

Flat bone Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous (glass-like) table. It helps the body by protect. Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. A sporting example is heading a football because the skull…

Spondylolisthesis is a spinal injury/condition occurring in one bone, a vertebra. The condition occurs when one of the vertebra slips forward. This causes the vertebra to be out of place, and can occur anywhere on the spine. It is most commonly found in the lower, or lumbar part of the back. Spondylolisthesis is commonly found in adults rather than children because of the wear and tear on adults bodies. There are 2 main types of spondylolisthesis, degenerative and spondylolytic. Degenerative…

There are many bone disorders that humans have. One bone disorder is bone spurs. Bone spurs are projections that form on the edges of the bone. The projections that form are very bony. The bone spurs appear when bones meet with other bones. They also may start to form on the bones of the spines. People think that the word “spur” means sharp but it actually stands for another bone. A spur is smooth but is very painful and causes wear and tear on the bones. Bone spurs are common in the hips,…

Ligaments connect bones together and are made up of grossly parallel, fibrous, dense connective tissue.1 Many ligaments are parts of anatomically inseparable structures known as joint capsules, and this is certainly the case with the wrist. Ligaments often have a more vascular overlying layer termed the "epiligament" covering their surface. This layer is often indistinguishable from the actual ligament and merges into the periosteum of the bone around the attachment sites of the ligament.7…

Femur, the bone of thigh, also known as os femoris, is the longest and strongest bone of human body. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of hip bone forming the ball and socket variety of synovial joint-the hip joint, whereas the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella forming the knee joint. The anatomy of the proximal end of the femur, in recent years had received the much deserved attention because of the importance of early treatment of congenital…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, progressive, degenerative joint process where the articular cartilage layer on the ends of bones at the joints deteriorates, and the bone plate gets thicker and more sclerotic. Additionally, this affects the joint’s protective mechanisms including ligaments and muscle. OA is manifested as a monoarticular or polyarticular phenomenon and is often asymmetric. It can occasionally appear as a more generalized disease. OA usually begins asymptomatically when the…

Osteomalacia Vitamin D is a key player in calcium absorption, and deficiency can lead to decreased calcium absorption, which can, in turn, cause bone diseases such as rickets or osteomalacia. (Nair, 2010, para. 4) Osteomalacia refers to a softening of bones that are often caused by a vitamin D deficiency which make bones more susceptible to bowing and fracturing. Osteomalacia is not the same as osteoporosis, osteomalacia results from a defect in the bone-building process, while osteoporosis…

Osteoarthritis is a disease of joints that means they do not move as smoothly as they should be, due to the thinning of the cartilage [1]. This disease mostly affects people over the age of 65, and it is estimated that 2.46 million people suffer from osteoarthritis in England alone, just of the hip joint. Osteoarthritis causes a lot of pain to the patient and a loss of mobility due to the damaged joint. It has been found that joint replacement offers significant pain relief and improvement in…