Quinine

Robert S. Desowitz tells the story of two well-known diseases that affect many rural villagers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America of his novel The Malaria Capers. The first section of the book deals with Kala azar, which is transmitted by a fly. Desowitz begins the novel by introducing a tragic story in India of a distressed mother with a sick child. She traveled miles from her small village to a clinic, where her daughter was diagnosed with Kala azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis. The child is…

When people were infected, they received high doses of whiskey and eggnog as treatment. Another treatment method they used was to rub kerosene and oil on their skin. For medication they used Quinine to help with pain and fevers. “The most common treatment was simply to keep the patient quiet and comfortable, and hope that they survived” (Yellow Fever in Canal). The yellow fever outbreak during the 1900’s frightened most of the canal workers…

The Malaria Project encompasses the wild west period of medicine. In the nineteenth century, so many aspects of medicine were purely experimental. From surgery, to pharmaceuticals, and especially psychology which was still developing at that time, a trial and error basis of treatment was prescribed. High risk methods were employed to conditions that were not well understood resulting in low success rates. As medicine advanced in to the twentieth century, more efficient and efficacious means of…

Congenital optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a condition in which one or both optic nerves are not fully developed, giving the appearance of abnormally small, pale optic nerve heads upon fundus examination (AAPOS, n.d.). In comparison to the size of the disc, the retinal blood vessels appear larger than normal, when in actuality the vasculature is of normal caliber (Kaur et al, 2013). This non-progressive developmental abnormality is typically characterized by a combination of neurological,…

Man and nature are indispensable to each other. It is man’s responsibility to endure and enrich the world around us, but in order to do that you must first be able to respect and protect the nature around us. In order for man to respect and protect nature man must focus on nature conservation, the biodiversity, as well as being able to appreciate the fundamental needs that nature has to offer man. Nature is something that man tend to take for granted, but nature is a huge part of our everyday…

Malaria can affect many people around the world, about 3.2 billion people are at risk of malaria. But malaria often occurs in Africa, most recorded cases and deaths came from Sub-Saharan Africa. About 90% of deaths caused by malaria in the world occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions which characterize most regions in Africa. Also, poverty, lack of knowledge, and little or no access to health care contribute to numerous deaths causes by malaria in…

Before the 19th century, much of Africa remained untouched by the Europeans and other powers because of the deadly diseases and uncharted land. In fact, Africa earned itself the nickname “the white man’s grave.” This all changed though when the slave trade was outlawed in 1807 and slavery in 1833. Because of this end of slavery, Europe looked to imperialize and establish colonies. Explorations went underway and slowly but surely the holes or blank spaces were filled in the maps of Africa. Still…

Events in the pacific war led to Australia being involved in the battles of Kokoda, along with other pacific countries. Which steered many post war impacts on Australia. The battle of Kokoda had a significant impact in the war on the Pacific and Australia, ruining but yet building civilisations and making history within countries. Events in the pacific war in late 1941 and early 1942 of Japans conquer and determination to take of the Pacific; led to the July 1942, Kokoda jungle war in Papa New…

“In fourteen hundred ninety-two/Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” (Marzollo)1 That is the famous beginning to the poem “IN 1492” by Jean Marzollo. In 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos Port in Palos de la Frontera, Spain, to San Salvador in the Bahamas. This famous voyage gave the Europeans a route to go to the newly “discovered” land--the Americas. Since then, this route was used for many trades and exchanges which later became known as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange indeed has…

The Scramble for Africa, when European countries rushed to claim land in Africa to colonize, a period of time after the Berlin conference in 1884, a meeting between European powers discuss splitting parts of Africa among them while not including any African leaders in the meeting. Before the Berlin Conference the European countries for 300 years from 1500 to 1800, were trading along the coast of west Africa. They traded for gold, ivory, and slaves, but never did they venture deep into Africa.…