Pope Pius VII

After years of hostility between the Catholic Church and France, Napoleon's leadership ushered in an era of peace between the two. When Pius VII became Pope in 1800, he signed a Concordat along with Napoleon that reinstated Catholic influence in French daily life. Napoleon completed a series of actions that appeased the papacy further, such as abolishing the calendar from the Revolution and paying Bishops’ salaries using state money. Though Napoleon believed that the Church should remain…

they had more worth. Napoleon also allowed divorces, which were previously prohibited by the Catholic Church; through his reforms, he removed some of the ecclesiastical power. In order to assure the Church, Napoleon made an agreement with the pope, Pope Pius VII, called the Concordat. The Church was given permission to worship but had to give up its confiscated land. By helping the Church, the French government was able to dominate in. Because the state allowed its comeback, the state became…

The material that made up this story was charred, meaning it burned in the fire. A coin of Antoninus Pius was discovered in the rubble, and can also help give this stratum a date, as well as Stratum 500 an end date that is the mid 2nd century because Pius ruled from 138-161. The start and end date for this layer is the same because it did not take long for the story to collapse and…

under the papacy of Pope Leo IX. The two cardinals bitterly argued with each other over the nature and effects of simony, which is the buying and selling of ecclesiastical privileges. Simony was being practiced throughout Europe by kings, for clergymen who pay a king and in return the king would grant them a position as bishop or abbot in their land. This reforming agenda was a threat to kings, especially the Holy Roman Emperor King Henry III who had picked the three previous popes, however…

So now, let us walk over to the three dimensional artworks of Rome. A Greek Hellenistic type of Aphrodite with Eros was adapted by the Romans to represent imperial women with their infants. As you can see here, we have the “Bust of a Woman”. This fine sculpture echoes the taste that the Romans inspired to have when making portraits of women. Can anyone tell me, what it is that the Romans inspired to create in their sculptures? “They wanted to create realism.” Yes, that is correct, in fact if you…

Hannibal, originally from Spain and against Carthage led the second Punic War against Rome. His plan to win the battle against Rome in their own territory initially seemed to be working because Rome lost 40,000 members of their army. Determined not to be defeated, the Romans organized another army and gained enough strength to win. In 202 B.C.E. during the Battle of Zama, Hannibal and his army were destroyed which allowed the Romans to further expand their empire. The Ottoman Turks originated…

In Elizabeth Browning’s pleading letter to Napoleon III, Elizabeth uses many rhetorical devices in order to convince the Emperor of France to pardon Hugo. She flatters His Majesty Napoleon III in an attempt to win his goodwill. Second, she uses syntax in order to create an intelligent letter. Finally, she thoroughly explains her purposes to Napoleon. Thus using flattery, syntax, and logos, Browning was able to effectively persuade Napoleon III to pardon Hugo,had of course he sent the letter.…

The Hundred Years War was a long and hard battle for the French. English had taken their land and rebels started to take control of major towns. When the French believed that they weren’t able to take back their land and fall into English and rebel hands, Joan of Arc was able to save them from generations of despair. Joan of Arc, who believed that god sent her to save France, was a huge inspiration, she saved much of the land even if her debut was cut off short due to false accusations. Joan…

I, son of the Henry I, Duke of Saxony was able to seize a large amount of land from the east of Elbe River, comprising Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, all the way to North Italy and parts of southern France. Thus due to his aid to the Church, Pope John XII crowned Otto I as an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (406 Bentley, Ziegler). This alliance helped to gain control over the German territories, it benefited Otto, since he «strengthened his power and decreased the power of the duchies»…

Pope Gregory VII Often considered one of the most influential and controversial popes of the Middle Ages, Gregory VII became pope after a long career in the papal court. Historians have claimed that the papacy of Gregory VII is so important and must be emphasized, they have coined the term “Gregorian Reform”. Gregory VII played an important role in Europe during his time, and was a major contributor both before and after his election to the reform. When discussing the biography of Pope Gregory…