Optic nerve

intracranial devices and techniques for monitoring ICP1. Recently, transorbital ultrasonography has gained popularity as it is a noninvasive bedside exam that has been shown to be useful for detecting raised ICP by evaluating the change in the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)2-4.…

eyesight see again. First, “a tiny retinal implant is put into the human eye, and then later, a gadget is put onto the human body. With the small retinal implant, it receives radio messages and transfers these messages to the brain through the optic nerve. The device acts as a stimulator, in which it is set up at any position in the visual pathway to electrically stimulate neurons and retinal cells” (Ranjakumar, Rahana, and Lalith, 2016). Basically the device must be on, and worn at all…

effect of the drug in MEP of upper and lower limbs. Before 4-AP treatment patients demonstrated reduced MEP levels, and after treatment there was an increase in MEP5. The increase in MEP by 4-AP is due to an increase in conductivity by demyelinated nerve…

Change in Visual Acuity with Eccentricity Humans have a large vison field so it is important to not only test the central vison but also at the peripherals of the retina. This is because individuals tend to not notice vison loss at the peripherals compared to central vision as when an individual views an object they move their eyes and fixate on that object by using their central vison and not their peripheral. Visual acuity is highest at the fovea and lowest at the peripheral which ensures high…

covers about one third of the roof of the cranial cavity, forms the anterior wall and contains the frontal sinus. The supraorbital margin is a ridge that is deep to the eyebrows and contains a supraorbital foramen which provides a passageway for veins, nerve and arteries (Saladin, 2015). Parietal Bone The parietal bone is posterior to the frontal bone and paired, left and right, which form most of the cranial roof and sides of the cranium. It is bordered by four sutures: coronal, lambdoid,…

they detect light. Photoreceptors convert information into chemical signals that stimulate neurons that process movement, color, and details that the brain can interpret. With the photoreceptor doing these tasks the information then passes the optic nerve that of which connects directly to the brain…

having a stroke and Bell’s palsy? What causes these conditions and what cranial nerve(s) do these conditions affect (including their branches)? What muscles of facial expression are affected (name the muscles and the facial expression(s) that would be altered, i.e., levator…

Albinism Have you ever laughed at someone who’s an albino because they looked like a freak? Did you even stop to think what it is like for them? People known as, “albinos,” have a genetic disorder called albinism. Since albinism is an ocular and appearance disorder, the symptoms and management have an impact on everyday life. The Genetics Albinism isn’t always obvious when you look, so it is important to know all possible symptoms. Albinism is usually when the hair, eyes, and skin become pale,…

The objective of Gileyna is to delay the progression of the disease, and decrease the frequency of attacks, by reducing the lymphocytes and inhibit the autoimmune response. Multiple Sclerosis is a disease where nerve fibers or axons get damaged in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve and lose their functionality. Body movements can become very painful and some patients find it even hard to…

The choroidal arteries are deep cerebral arteries that supply deep structures in the brain. The anterior choroidal artery is a branch of the internal carotid and it supplies the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles, parts of the visual pathway, the putamen, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. The posterior choroidal artery is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery. It supplies blood to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and parts of the thalamus and hippocampus. An occlusion of…