Norepinephrine

(synthetic cathinones). Bath salts are another form of synthetic (human-made) drugs that are known to produce feelings of euphoria, increase sociability, as well as an increase in sex drive. These similarities are the reasons why bath salts are so easily sold in place of molly without users becoming suspicious. Consequential making ecstasy even more dangerous due to the fact that users are unaware of what they are really ingesting. Mixing different drugs along with ecstasy, like Viagra, could also lead to even more dangerous health complications should a reaction occur. Ecstasy affects the brain by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. As stated in the NIDA, increases in dopamine cause surge in euphoria and increase energy levels in the body. While increases in norepinephrine cause rise in both heart rate and blood pressure. Serotonin has the ability to alter mood, appetite, sleep, and sexual arousal. The increase in serotonin is also responsible for the emotional closeness, elevated mood, and empathy users say they feel when they are on ecstasy. In the article, Making a Medicine Out of MDMA, the increases in these particular neurotransmitters and their effects on mood, emotional closeness, and empathy are the exact reasons researchers are trying to get ecstasy moved from a schedule 1 drug to a schedule 2. Researchers believe that the use of ecstasy can benefit patients with post-combat treatment-resistant post-traumatic…

midbrain. Because serotonin is found in these areas, ecstasy can heavily effect their functions, whether they are harmful or pleasurable. For example, the hippocampus and the cortex are responsible for both learning and memory; thus, MDMA can damage one’s learning ability and ability to remember. Serotonin is associated with functions such as mood, aggression, appetite, pleasures, sleep-wake cycle and even dreaming. Studies concerning the effects of ecstasy have displayed its ability to impair…

In particular, the major life event focused on is his being fired which rated rather high as a life stressor, an 8 or 47 mean value on the scale of life stressors, making the very act of being fired a significant stressor in itself . However, Jebera was suffering from the chronic stress of low economic statutes that prevented him from completing his goals, roles, and so on. These two combined along with his lower paying job to a constant high level of stress. This stress would be causing a…

To understand the effects of agonists and competitive antagonists the receptors involved must be identified first. There are 2 major groups of receptors present in rat ileum, the first being 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and the second, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) – and of these two groups there are certain subtypes in the ileum contributing to its tone, motility, secretion and blood flow. The 5-HT receptor subtypes most prevalent in the rat ileum were, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B,…

Adderall is identical to the original Obetrol form. It is comprised of four active ingredients, which each account for twenty five percent of the drug’s composition. The active ingredients in Adderall are: dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate (Phelan, 2006). The mixture of these four amphetamine based salts is what gives Adderall its stimulant properties and makes it a good treatment for ADHD. ADHD is a chronic…

The release of cortisol and the effects it has activat-ing other body chemicals creates imbalance and affects the wiring of the brain. The body reacts to stressors, two systems kick into gear, one being the endocrine system and the other being the sympathetic. The sympathetic nervous system shifts out other stress related to hormones such as Serotonin and Norepinephrine, which also affect our mood and desire. All these chemicals create: shaking sweating palms, turn on the fight or flight…

Abstract The neurotransmitter dopamine has been scrutinized in order to understand its role in mediating stress response in the brain. In particular, empirical studies have assessed dopamine release patterns during periods of acute or chronic stress in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. The evidence found region specific responses of dopaminergic systems in these areas. Previous studies have also shown that the sensitivity and magnitude of dopamine release in…

mindful eating, which, includes consuming healthy food and lowering the need to consume unhealthy food. To change my physical health, while doing yoga I will engage in a series of techniques three times a week for 45 minutes. Which, allowed me to achieve a positive state of mind throughout the workout. The psychology behind this technique, as indicated by Ross & Thomas (2010), evidence shows that practicing yoga has positively effected one’s physical health and mental health due to a decrease…

Introduction Neural circuits which are involved in fear/threat learning and emotional memory have been studied in various ways including human subjects and laboratory animals. We will first discuss the basic circuits involved in fear conditioning and emotional memory learning. After that, two specific systems – norepinephrine (NE) projections from locus coeruleus (LC) and serotonin (5-HT) projections from dorsal raphe nuclei (DR) – and its effects on threat learning and fear conditioning will…

Originally described by Hans Selye (1907–1982), an Austrian-born physician who emigrated to Canada in 1939, the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Selye explained his choice of terminology as follows: "I call this syndrome general because it is produced only by agents which have a general effect upon large portions of the body. I call it adaptive because it stimulates defense…. I call it a syndrome because its individual manifestations are coordinated and…