Norepinephrine

the only pathway that does not use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, but instead uses norepinephrine. While the ASM contains nerves from both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems, the muscles are only directly regulated from the parasympathetic nerves. While postganglionic sympathetic nerves are present, they do not transmit norepinephrine directly to the smooth muscle—the norepinephrine that is available is circulating freely among the tissue, secreted from the adrenal…

Sleep constitutes a major portion of our daily lives. During each night, the average person cycles through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM sleep multiple times before waking. However, hours before we succumb to sleep, our bodies are already hard at work producing hormones that encourage sleep. Many biological factors influence the quality of sleep we experience and one of significant importance is the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays two major roles in the physiology of sleep. Its first role is to…

avoidance, re-experiencing, and hyperarousal. SSRIs are tolerable and have few side effects. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors block the reuptake of the neurotransmitters. SNRIs such as duloxetine, venlafaxine, and desvenlafaxine act by preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine (Greenberg, 2012). High concentrations of extracellular serotonin and norepinephrine can improve mood and decreased depressive symptomatology (Greenberg, 2012). The typical…

“Chemistry of Love: Scanning the Brain ‘in Love’“ focuses on the different emotions and feelings love may bring to couples who are in a passionate romantic relationship. Fisher describes three chemicals: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin that play an important role on how the brain works when a person is in love with their significant other. Each chemical effects the brain and an individual’s expression of their feelings and emotions towards their beloved. Helen Fisher’s most important…

technology of mapping the brain can predetermine irregularities in the brain such as frontal lobe damage (p.26). Computer axial technology (CAT) scans combine with information on X-Ray, and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicts a three-dimensional view of the brain in doing so, a very detailed image of the brain which illustrates areas within the brain that is damaged or diseased (Gaines and Miller, 2011, p.27). Furthermore, a positron emission tomography (PET) scan aids in researchers being…

administration of the placebo. The use of caffeine also showed an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma concentrations, but no significant difference in insulin plasma concentration. After the placebo was ingested epinephrine effects were 536.2 ± 58 and norepinephrine effects were 1950 ± 152, but after caffeine was ingested levels increased, epinephrine effects being 825 ± 90 and norepinephrine effects being 2277 ± 99. Therefore, it was concluded that the administration of caffeine…

optimizing long-term motor memory (as cited in Skriver et al., 2014). Biomarkers examined included vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and lactate. The main finding of the study was that motor skill acquisition and retention improved by acute cardiovascular exercise are associated with increased levels of biomarkers that play a role in memory and learning processes.…

We all take advantage of sleep and think of it, at times, as a luxury more than a physiological and psychological necessity. Edwards, O’Dreiscoll, et al, in their paper over Aging and Sleep: Physiology and Pathophysiology, simply defined sleep as a natural state characterized by a reduction in voluntary motor activity (skeletal muscle movement) but not involuntary activity (heart, lungs, organs, etc.), and a decreased response to stimulation and stereotypic posture that is both reversible and…

triggering loss, and ends when the loss situation ends (Comer, 2015). Due to the fact that the biological approach suggests that individuals with major depressive disorder often have low levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), methods of combatting depression mainly include antidepressant drugs to rectify these low levels…

with practice and theory learning. Nevertheless, your brain is helping you in every way possible. There are at least seven brain structures/regions/lobes that are used while driving. The list includes: The monoamines, including the dopamine and norepinephrine; The cerebral hemispheres, mainly the cerebrum and in the hindbrain the cerebellum; The occipital lobes used for sight, and lastly, both left and right hemisphere. One of the brain structures…