Neuron

plexiform layer of the retina. The inner plexiform layer is where the axon terminals of different bipolar cells arrange into one specific inner plexiform layer and give synaptic signals to amacrine and retinal ganglion cells. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons that conduct output signals while the amacrine cells presynaptic side inhibit the terminals of bipolar ells and the postsynaptic side inhibits the dendrites of…

The basal ganglia plays a vital role in the way movement happens and when dopamine does not follow the path that it is suppose to, it hinders body movement. Parkinson’s disease is often known as PD and it is a progressive neurological condition, which means the sickness and symptoms get more severe as time goes on (Noble, 2007). Out of all the neurodegenerative disorders, PD is the second most common one (Noble, 2007). It happens amongst 1% of the population older than sixty years. (Samii, 2004)…

Introduction and Definition Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as a group of nonspecific, nonprogressive disorders of posture and movement control, where cerebral refers to the brain and palsy refers to the loss or impairment of motor function (Hadders-Algra, 2014, p. 1; NINDS, 2013). It is the leading cause of childhood disability and is reported in 2-3.3 per 1,000 births (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2013). This means that its diagnosis varies from case to case…

Myasthenia Gravis can cause numerous muscular problems there is also lots of research being done on possible treatments. Myasthenia Gravis, a chronic autoimmune disease, occurs due to a defect in the neuromuscular junction at the synapse between the motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. The first step at the…

17.(1) Clinical features include ataxia and other movement disorders, loss of cognitive ability, and psychiatric disabilities(2). A characteristic feature of polyQ diseases is the formation of insoluble, granular, and fibrous deposits in affected neurons termed neuronal inclusions, which have…

OVERVIEW: Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disorder that causes degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in motor control regions of the brain, as well as other areas (NINDS, 2016). Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called huntingtin. The defect causes the cytosine, adenine, and guanine (CAG) building blocks of DNA to repeat many more times than is normal (NINDS, 2016). Huntington’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes…

neurodegenerative disease caused by a pathological expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat located in exon 3 of the ATXN7 gene (). The abnormal expansion results in the incorporation of a segment of polyglutamines into the mutant protein, which induces loss of neurons within the cerebellum, retina, and brainstem. This neuronal death leads to diverse clinical manifestations, which include progressive gait ataxia, pigmental macular dystrophy, dysmetria, dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesia, sensory loss,…

(Alloul et al., 1998, as cited, Maia and Medonca, 2002). It is a genetic disease caused by a mutation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. This type of gene is mostly found in the central nervous system which it helps direct migration of neurons during early development (Genetics Home Reference). Linn and Small stated that there is evidence that Alzheimer’s can be diagnosed by a long pre-clinical phase (as cited in Maia and Mendoca, 2002). A case-study predicted that caffeine might have…

Introduction (Criteria 1 & 2) Bell's Palsy is a temporary drooping of the face owing to an injury to the nerves. The affected facial nerve is also referred to as the seventh cranial nerve because it is transmitted through the Fallopian canal. Although it is usually worrying, most people often recover from Bell's Palsy. Nonetheless, patients find themselves unable to control their muscles on the face. The affected side of the face starts to droop, and it can sometimes impede the production of…

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that causes complications in the memory, behavior and the thinking of an individual. As a common form of dementia, Alzheimer’s is known to affect up to 70% of all the people who have dementia. It is approximated that an average of 23 million people suffers from this memory loss situation. According to recent literature, the number of individuals suffering from dementia is said to grow steadily, especially among the old. Usually, in the early stages of…