Neuron

Lamina II contains neurons that release γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine or enkalphins which inhibits further conduction of nociceptive stimulus (Fishman et al., p. 30). Peripheral sensitization will limit the degree of inhibition due to release of inflammatory mediators…

nervous tissue associations amidst 68 different brain regions in vigorous college- aged volunteers. The cerebrum's white tissue resides underneath the external grey tissue. It’s made out of wads of either wires or axons which associate billions of neurons and convey electrical indications between them. A group drove by neuroscientist Rex Jung, from the University of New Mexico, gathered information using a MRI procedure called diffusion tensor imaging. This is what enables researchers to see…

impulses were electrical in nature and that the nervous system operated like a conductor of these electrical impulses (Schultz & Schultz, 2012). This corresponds with Cajal’s work, who “found that nerve fibers were composed of separate structures (neurons) that somehow were connected to specific points (synapses)” (Schultz & Schultz, 2012). This research prompted Herman von Helmholtz; who stressed a mechanistic attitude supposing a person’s senses performed comparably to machines. He wanted to…

Generalized tonic clonic (GTC) seizures Generalized tonic clonic seizures are the classic form of childhood epilepsy, having four phases namely a) aura, b) tonic c) clonic d) post-ictal phase. Aura is a premonitory symptom, that occurs before the onset of seizure. It can be sensory, motor, visceral or autonomic. Only one third of children can describe aura. Aura is followed by tonic phase, in which the skeletal muscles undergo spasm. Muscular rigidity is the typical feature of antigravity…

What exactly is something that would be considered as a “brain rule”? These rules include things, which scientists know for certain about how the human brain operates. The human brain is a fundamental, physical system that requires sleep, exercise and proper nutrition in order to function optimally. The body and the mind aren’t separate things; the human brain is a physical system which has needs that are physical. John Medina goes into detail in his book, “Brain Rules” about how an individual…

APP gene on chromosome 21 undergoes alternative splicing to yield eight possible isoforms, three of which (the 695, 751 and 770 amino acid isoforms) predominate in the brain. APP695 is the shortest of the three isoforms and is mainly produced in neurons. APP751 and APP770 are mostly found in non-neuronal glial cells. All these isoforms share the same Aβ, transmembrane and intracellular domains and are thus potentially amyloidogenic. Differential proteolysis of APP by enzymes known as secretases…

The brain is probably the most amazing part of the human body. It is composed of neurons, glands, and other subsections that together run the human body, maintain homeostasis, and perform cognitive process. However, the general community may not know much about this indispensable organ’s astonishing properties. This semester I learned about these properties through Wendy Susuki’s book-Happy Brain, Happy Life, and through this book along with the aid of this class I was able to help the community…

ligaments, capsules surrounding muscles and skin (Grigg P et al 1982) activating muscle contraction, which may be assumed to help stabilise the joint (Schultz RA et al1984). Injuries, including ACL tears, are likely to disrupt this process. Spinal motor neuron receives afferent information from both ipsilateral and contralateral limbs (Cuadrado ML et al 1999). In the cerebral motor cortex cross-connections between…

While Pb may act almost immediately KBr can take months to exert its effects. In other words, KBr has a longer half-life. Once absorbed KBr acts on GABA receptors also known as the receptor that depresses the actions of certain neurons that it attaches to. Both KBr and Pb are GABA receptor agonists, as opposed to antagonists. KBr may regulate seizures through neuronal hyperpolarization, leading to a higher threshold towards seizures. In this case, it is the act of impeding certain…

the brain. Higher levels of oxygen means increased brain function. Jensen goes on to explain that there are other outcomes from increased exercise and/or movement. Some of those include more cortical mass, a greater number of connections among neurons, and gene expression to improve learning and memory (Jensen, 2005). Simply put, movement improves brain function. Many in the mainstream educational community regard movement and thinking as completely separate functions and because of this,…