Macrophage

also a nonspecific defense but it involves the stimulation of other lymphocytes to respond. They also produce defensive proteins to combat these organisms. Members of the second line of defense include inflammation, phagocytosis, complements and macrophages. In cases where the second line of defense could also not attack and kill these pathogens, the third line of defense comes into play. This is a more specific defense mechanism that the body has to fight against pathogens that bypassed the…

1. INTRODUCTION Warfarin is a most common Anticoagulant in prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events despite the availability of new drugs such as Novel Oral Anticoagulants due to its affordability. The establishment of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) helps to guide the dosing requirement for patients receiving the warfarin therapy. However, over-anticoagulation leads to adverse events such as haemorrhage while thromboembolic events can happen even at a recommended dose.…

Aspiration is inhalation of foreign material below the vocal cords. In anesthesia practice, the inhalation of gastric content is rare 1 per 2000-3000 cases occurrence, however the consequences of the complication can be detrimental (Raghavendran, Nemzek, Napolitano, Knight, 2011). Presentation of the pulmonary aspiration ranges from silent aspiration, where the patient does not experience any symptoms, to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). The mortality rate after development of ALI…

Vascular anomalies are a serious medical condition that affect blood vessel formation in as many as 1 in 10 people (Richter and Suen 2015). Vascular anomalies can be divided into two broad categories: vascular tumors and vascular malformations (Richter and Suen 2015). Vascular tumors, also known as hemangiomas, are characterized by rapid growth with most undergoing involution once the patient has reached a certain age (Richter and Suen 2015). On the other hand, vascular malformations are…

The T cells are a type of white cells, which are important to the immune system, and contain a system that adjusts the body’s reaction to specific pathogens, this being the center of its adaptive immunity. T cells are like soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders. T cells can be compared to soilders, they search out and demolish intruders. There has been a literature attention on the function of the administration in cancer immunity in T-Cells. The T cells are now known to take…

It is caused by HIV. HIV infects cells in the immune system, such as helper T (CD4) cells and macrophages. HIV infection leads to critically low levels of helper T cells which compromises an individual’s cell-mediated immunity. This makes the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections. HIV originated in primates and is believed to have…

Ultrasound is commonly used in the athletic training clinic used for chronic and acute injuries. Kenneth Knight and David Draper describe the tool as, “inaudible, acoustic vibrations of high frequency that produce thermal and/or nonthermal physiological effects” (Knight & Draper, 2013). This means that the modality uses sound waves to cause chemical and mechanical reactions in the body. Sonar or sound waves give animals such as bats the ability to detect objects. Scientists have found ways to…

Introduction: This report will examine the effect of garbage removal and location and plague status. Both garbage removal and location serve as risk factors and being a plague a cause is the outcome. This risk outcome association will be explored thorough various odds ratio and chi square calculations. The plague is also known as “the black death” and wiped out nearly half of the European population during the middle ages. There are three strains of the Y.pestis bacterium leading to either…

• Treatment There are a wide variety of therapeutics options for lymphomas and the election of them is based on the type of lymphoma, the progression of the disease, characteristics of each patient… However, the 3 main therapeutic options are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. In this part, these and other methods will be analysed. Surgery Surgery has not any relevant role in the treatment of lymphomas13, it just have a role on the diagnosis (obtaining of biopsy material) and…

bronchitis leads to an abundance of mucus secretions and a productive cough that lasts greater than three months of the year, for at least two years in a row. When the inhalation of the irritants occurs, it leads to infiltration and inflammation of the macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes located within the bronchial wall. Bronchial edema develops due to the chronic inflammation. Due to the edema, the size and number if goblet cells and mucous glands increase. The mucus produced by these…