Macrophage

Xenotransplantation is the process of transplanting or grafting organs and tissue between different species. As you’re transplanting a foreign organ not from the same species as you, this has many social and biological implications. Including the fact that there’s could be new viruses and pathogens passed over between species with the potential to cause a mass epidemic and kill of many members of a species. Also this procedure although been around for a long time it hasn’t had a very high…

The Influenza Outbreak of 1918 The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was the deadliest pandemic in recent history. It was caused by the H1N1 virus which originated from avian genes. While there is no universal consensus on where the virus originated, it spread globally from 1918 to 1919. The Spanish flu is considered the worst pandemic in the history of mankind. In less than a year there were 40 million people who died from this virus, which spread at an intense pace, while it seemed that nothing and…

After the incubation period, the agar containing the antibiotic testing was taken out and if the microbe reacted with the antibiotic, a circle or clearing would appear around the disk containing the antibiotic. The diameter of this circle was then measured and compared with a table found on page 95 of the Microbiology Lab Manual to understand the antibiotics resistance, intermediate and sensitive levels, as they differ for each antibiotic. The numbers on the table in the Microbiology Lab…

Cancer Immunotherapy: using immune based therapies to enhance the immune system to fight cancer cells. Introduction Cancer immunotherapy involves using components of the immune system to fight cancer cells. The immune system is very effective in getting rid of pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The concept of unleashing the body’s ability to defend itself against cancer cells has long been a scientific discussion (Nathanson L. 1976). Over the last 10 years, scientists have synthesized drugs…

fluids with an infected person such as breast milk, blood, semen and vaginal secretions; however the most common type of transmission is sexual transmission (Lewis, 2011). HIV targets the immune system, mainly helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) and macrophages (Dotish, et al. 2014). HIV uses the chemokine receptors CCR5 and/or CXCR4 to infect the CD4+ T cells, virus using only CCR5 receptors called R5, those using only CXCR4 called X4 and those using both called X4R5; once the chemokine receptor has…

2.13.3. Isolation and identification of IBDV: Isolation of IBDV in chicken embryos: For initial isolation of IBDV the CAM was more sensitive route than the yolk and allantoic sac routes. Gross lesions observed in embryo were edematous distention of the abdominal region, cutaneous congestion and petechial hemorrhages, particularly along feather tracts, occasional hemorrhages on toe joints and in cerebral region, mottled-necrosis and ecchymotic hemorrhages in the liver (latter stages) pales…

MSA University, faculty of pharmacy, Bio chemistry department. Course code PB301 Nucleotides Student name: ID: Under supervision of DR: Teaching assistant Structure Nucleic acids are polymers consist of units called nucleotides. These mononucleotide units react together by intermolecular dehydration reactions that create phosphate ester bonds. Those reactions are either, catalyzed or specialized enzymes. The nucleotide units are created by smaller types of components. Each nucleotide…

that transmits a disease from one animal or plant to another. This description qualifies the bubonic plague as a zoonotic infection. Another contributing factor that helps Y. pestis overcome phagocytosis is that Y. pestis is capable of inserting macrophages and immune cells with a substance called YOPS, or Yersinia Outer Proteins. Once the YOPS are in the cell, they create pores that allow a passageway for other…

There are multiple factors that contribute to the build-up of plaque in the vessels and in turn, the development of atherosclerosis (Silverthorn et al., 2009 p327). The disease attacks different arteries in the body, but the most harmful conditions involve damages to the vessels of the brain and the heart (Silverthorn et al., 2009 p329). Understanding of the structures and mechanisms that take place in the heart and the brain to allow for blood distribution is a critical component for anyone…

Symbiosis is the interaction between two different organisms in an environment and the effect they may have on each other, if any. When observed in nature, these encounters can illustrate the complex relationship among organisms and how their survival is directly affected. Neutralism, for instance, is a relationship in which neither of the interacting symbionts benefit nor suffer. Mutualism, on the other hand, is a relationship in which both symbionts are physiologically dependent on one another…