Macrophage

by loss of elastic recoil, and airflow obstruction caused by mucus hypersecretion, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm (Lewis, 2014). Inhaled irritants promote the accumulation of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, B-cells, and macrophages. When these cells are activated, they initiate an inflammatory cascade that…

Previous studies I have read saw a correlation between Lactoferrin supplementation and the acceleration of development of Payer’s patches in the small intestine. Payer’s Patches are lymphoid tissue that helps fight against infection by housing macrophages, T and B cells that monitor and destroy antigens. Mothers of premature infants sometimes have deficient milk production because of high levels of…

1. Summary of how I identified Bacillus cereus. a. First, I performed the gram stain test, I then went on to do the spore stain. b. The results I obtained from the gram stain were gram positive rods, I could tell they were positive by the purple color to them and the rod shape by the comparison provided in the lab manual (Wilkosz, Peterson). After I confirmed the results I performed the spore stain, which indicated that my sample was positive so it contained endospores. The sample should have…

children with CF and can cause pulmonary exacerbation. The complications develop when the thick mucus accumulates in the airways and bacteria starts to colonize the lung tissue. Children with CF cannot get rid of these bacteria easily since alveolar macrophages are not able to destroy the pseudomonas and antibiotics often become resistant to the bacterium. A sputum culture is taken in order to find out if the lung exacerbation is being caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa Major and minor signs and…

infected cells releases Tat by extracellular means and becomes engulfed by neighboring cells, where it activates viral replication thus increases virus infectivity. Vital brain cells known as neurons can be indirectly damaged by HIV. It infects macrophages and microglia-cells that nurture the brain, causing them to produce toxins that instruct neurons to kill themselves. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It can degrade tryptophan through kynurenine pathway,…

be infected via the placenta. However, sexual contact is the main source of transmission, the virus enters the bloodstream by means of the mucous membranes of the vaginal surface. Once in the bloodstream the presence of this pathogen, alerts the macrophages, which are located on the surface right beneath the skin, and the surface of mucous membranes, also the dendritic cells. These leukocytes bind to the virus and force it into the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node for drainage. The…

The disease of the lungs, COPD, can be traced back to the 1600’s. It was the year 1679 when Swizz physician, Bonet, defined the disease as “voluminous lungs.” About a century later Italian anatomist, Giovanni Morgagni, termed cases of the lungs as “turgid.” A series of illustrations of the emphysematous lung putting forth the pathology of the disease was published by Baillie in 1789, thus emphysema was known to be a part of COPD early one (Mandal 2013). Over the years, Chronic Bronchitis became…

gotten vaccinated may experience minor symptoms of Yellow Fever however; symptoms will not reach phase III. Vaccines simply imitate the virus which helps the body recognize and fight against it. Three different defense systems work within the body; Macrophages (white blood cells that digest germs, dead or dying cells), antibiotics (attacks antigens), and T-lymphocytes (white cells that attack cells that have…

Immune System(Remove) What does immune system means? The immune system is the one of necessity system in the body. It helps the body defend against every foreign body that causes disease for body. The immune system is getting stronger and stronger while it destroys disease. It takes experience from disease which it is destroyed. The immune system is defined as “the system that protects your body from diseases and infections” in Merriam-Webster dictionary. In other words, the immune system…

Further evidence for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Nasturtium officinale Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. are used traditionally in Iran as a folk medicine in different illnesses which include bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and renal colic. Aim of the study: In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract from aerial parts of N. officinale was investigated in acute and sub¬¬-acute…