Iran–Iraq War

The effect of the Kurdish fight for autonomy in both Iraq and elsewhere, has changed the Middle East’s landscape. This includes subnational or internal fracturing of Kurdish parties, national barriers, and newfound international relations as well as political alliances with historical rivals. Gareth Stansfield illustrates this point when he uses Kurdish history in Iraq as and cites economic and political relations with Turkey as signaling a potential Kurdish state, “By embracing this agenda,…

invasion of Iraq) has increased the competitiveness among the groups. Supply of arms and ammunition from the west which is motivated by the economic interest is the burning example of the globalization. 2. Explain why it is said that the Muslim sectarian violence was triggered…

George W. Bush the United States along with allied forces initiated the invasion of Iraq. “After the Gulf War in 1991 Iraq was obliged by the U.N. to get rid of all its biological and toxic weapons”(popsci) failure to comply resulted in the U.S. invasion. Iraqi President al-Bakr announced his resignation on July 16 1979, Saddam Hussein immediately succeeded him as President. Under Saddam tensions between Iran and Iraq escaladed due to violations of the 1975 Algiers Accord which designated the…

Iraqi Constitution in the aftermath of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. It goes into great detail how the failure in the part of the CPA actors regarding influence of religion and nationalism changed and delayed the implementation of the Iraqi constitution. Even though religion is related to the culture of the group by way of personal and collective identity, it also has a social function within the society it works. Therefore, in Post Saddam Iraq, the Grand Ayatollah Sistani was able to…

Nationalism in Iraq Iraq was established on October 1,1919. In World War I the British occupied a lot of Mesopotamia and were given a demand over the area in 1920. The British renamed the area Iraq and defined it as a kingdom in 1922. In 1932 the monarchy gained full independence. The Iraqi population includes Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and Armenians. The religions are varied and consists of Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, Christians, Kurdish Yazidis, and a little number of Jews…

have an advanced weapons program, the United States finally decided to invade Iraq once again. That same invasion would be the precursor that followed eight long years in which Iraq experienced the downfall of their socialist authoritarian leader, the creation of a Democratic Iraq and the effects of a complicated sectarian Iraq after U.S. leaves. To understand why we invaded Iraq, one must also have knowledge of how Iraq became the country we invaded in early 2003. Dating back to 7th century,…

Muslim people, who have their own language and traditions, living on the mountainous borders of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran, and Armenia. They are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East but they are still considered “nationless”. The traditional Kurdish life was nomadic until World War 1 and the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. The 1920 Treaty of Sevres created the nation states Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait. It was also supposed to include the Kurdistan but that was never implemented. The…

used the largest canons of the time that could destroy walls, this aided their conquering of Constantinople. The Safavids learned of gunpowder technology from fighting the Ottomans, and used the knowledge to conquer the lands currently known as Iraq and Iran (The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, n.d). The Mughals used firepower to control lands of modern day India, Pakistan,…

Kurdish-Turkish relationship. The Kurds who are reported to be over 35 million and commonly discussed as a nation that does not have any state (McDowall, 1997). As explained by McDowall, the homeland of the Kurds happens to neighbor Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq and as a result, the various governments in the four different countries relates differently with the Kurds. According to historian William Westermann (1991), “The…

The Prophet Mohammed, in 622, founded the first Islamic state, a theocracy in Medina, Saudi Arabia. In this state, he founded two branches of the Islamic religion. Sunnism and Shiism are the two main sects in Islam, which have been in conflict for more than a millennium. The Sunni Muslims believe the first four Caliphs rightfully took the place of Mohammed as the leaders of Muslims. They recognize these caliphs as genuine religious leaders. Shiites, in contrast, believe the only ruler and…