Human genome

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that exclusively infect and replicate within bacterial cells. Phages are ubiquitous, with an estimated 1x106 particles per drop of seawater and as many as 1x108 particles per g of soil. Phage predation destroys an estimated one-half of the bacterial population worldwide every 48 h, hence regulating the population dynamics of natural bacteria (Deresinski 2008). Bacteriophages attach to their host cell by specialized structures called tail fibers, inject their…

editing of the genome has been achieved and advanced through the development of sequence-specific nucleases1. Zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are programmable DNA binding nucleases previously used to achieve this targeted editing of DNA. However these tools have been found to be both time consuming and difficult to employ. The development a system known as CRISPR/Cas9 system brings both ease and efficiency to world of targeted genome editing.…

all are maintained as pure-bred stocks through selective breeding, which aims to maintain a closed genetic lineage. Most of the dog traits follow simple genetic rules. Traits from dogs are often referred to as being dominant or recessive. Just like humans, dogs have two copies of one gene (one which came from the mother…

Eukaryotic organism such as drosophila have been used extensively to demonstrate the classical Mendelian laws because they are inexpensive and abundant in genetic variations due to a small number of chromosomes. The purpose of this lab was to determine the phenotypic ratio for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using drosophila. In a monohybrid cross, a single trait (eye color) is crossed in the organism and in a dihybrid cross,two different traits (eye color and wings) are crossed for a…

Introduction Caenorhabditis elegans is a common organism that is used in many experiments due to its easy upkeep, low cost, short life cycle, fast reproduction, large reproduction size, and genetic manipulability with transparent body structure (Maxwell C. K. Leung, Phillip L. Williams, et al.). The use of C. elegans has allowed many discoveries to be made throughout history. One experimental technique that enhances their use is a green fluorescence protein (GFP), this allows different regions…

In 2005, new sequence technique, which known as next-generation or second generation sequencing, was emerged after three decades of Sanger sequencing dominance. The new technique, 454 pyrosequencing, has completely new mechanism compared with the previous one, where this technique depended on series of enzymatic steps that including four enzymes polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase and apyrase under pyrosequencing mechanism. The name 454 pyrosequencing derived from pyrophosphate that realised…

different ways to go wrong with personal DNA. Genome Sequenced can help people find out the mutations; However, most of the people think that Genome Sequenced are cheating them. For example, it may confuse doctors, scare patients and drive up costs. In the article, “YOU CAN GET YOUR WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCED. BUT SHOULD YOU? “(2017) MEGAN MOLTENI shows Genome Sequenced can help patients take care their body and almost no side effects. First of all, Genome Sequenced is looking to see what mutations…

successful in vitro fertilization pregnancy took place, there have been numerous advancements in biomedical and genetic technologies. These technological advances have opened doors to things that were once considered the works of science fiction. From human cloning to altering gene sequences themselves, our total control over the future of our species is rapidly approaching. The question that many ask in the wake of such power being “Is this ethical?” Some people argue that gene alteration,…

The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus) are the two closest living relatives of humans. While, bonobos and chimpanzees are very similar to each other, they also differ in many significant ways. However, in some ways they resemble more closely to humans than to each other. For example, chimpanzee males are much more aggressive and violent, especially when competing for a mate or a rank within the group. This violence can be lethal. In their communities, male to male bonds…

political grouping. It is not a biological category, so why do we make it one? There is scientific evidence to prove that people of all races are the same. “Chimpanzees have races; honeybees have races; we don’t have races.” There is only one human race. Human beings are not divided into races in the biological sense. “But if race is a political system, then we must use political means to end its harmful impact on our society.” Robert’s talks about how as a society we need to come together and…