Human iron metabolism

Iron overload is due to the chronic transfusions needed to regulate effective red blood cells. The regulation and metabolism of iron is dependant on the regulatory hormone that is produced in the liver, known as hepcidin. Hepcidin helps regulate body iron homeostasis by determining the magnitude of dietary iron release from the enterocytes and stored iron release from reticuloendothelial macrophages (Feng, 2012). When activated it regulates the degradation of Ferroportin which is responsible for the transport of iron throughout the body. Normally hepcidin concentrations will increase in the presence of inflammation and iron overload (Silvestri et al, 2008). However low levels of hepcidin are found in thalassemic patients which causes iron deposition in major organs of the body. In turn this will lead to organ failure and eventually death (Gardenshi et al, 2007). The activation of SMAD 1,5,8/SMAD 4 complex is what causes the expression of hepcidin. Osteoporosis is a result of a decrease in low bone density and is frequently found in thalassemic patients and rodents (Charoenphandhu et al, 2011). In fact 33% to 20% of thalassemic patients experience osteopenia, a less severe form of osteoporosis, and are at a higher risk for bone fracturing. Low bone mass density is experienced in about 90% of transfusion dependant transfusion thalassemic patients (Gurevitch et…

the human body. Minerals are classified as major minerals or trace minerals. Major minerals include calcium and phosphorus. While, trace minerals include iron and zinc. Major minerals are defined as a mineral vital to health that is required in the diet in amounts more than 100 milligrams per day. Over 99% of the calcium in the human body strengthens bones and teeth. Calcium is often, found in dairy products like milk and cheese. Some secondary sources for calcium are in foods like bread,…

Consumption of extra iron in the form of fortified formula for infants has been a concern amongst Australian scientists due to its association with Parkinson’s disease and dementia. A lack of iron in the diet may cause anaemia which lowers the ability of the haemoglobin to carry oxygen which will cause fatigue and even worse, cardiac arrest. Conversely, excess intake of iron may cause Parkinson’s disease, it is a neurodegenerative disorder leads to progressive deterioration of motor function…

It can withstand fatigue and wear, and can be strengthened and hardened to an accurately controllable degree. It can be easily casted, corrosion resistant and reproduce fine detail. Moreover, it has high electrical conductivity at high temperatures. To introduce Beryllium into metals, Beryllium alloys of magnesium-aluminum, aluminum, nickel, copper, iron or cobalt are always used (Hornbostel, 1991). According to Harper (2001), Beryllium oxide, with a melting point of 2585 °C and specific…

• What is means of welding? The welding is the processes which make the permanent bonding between the two or more solid bodies o the metal if the welding is not done properly the welding joint can be brake from the welding place and if the welding is done properly the metal can be brake from the middle or the center of the object • Spot welding http://www.taylorautobody.com/Portals/16/images/Pro%20Spot%202.jpg There is many type of welding processes 1 Gas welding 2 Gas shielded arc welding 3…

also known as inox steel, is a steel alloy which features 10.5% of chromium. Stainless steel does not rust or stain like normal steel would and even though it is called stainless steel, it is not entirely stainless, because in low-oxygen, high salinity environments it is able to be stained. The main difference between stainless steel and general carbon steel is the amount of chromium present. Due to the amount of chromium that stainless steel contains, the stainless steel will form a chromium…

2. RESEARCH ON THE STRUCTURE OF METALS AND TYPES OF BONDING. What are metals? 24% of our planet’s mass is metal. They are used as mainly because of their properties; metals are strong, ductile, have high melting points and are excellent conductors of electricity. Other properties of metals are given below: • Can be made stronger by alloys and heat treatment. • Easily machined. • Most of them are heavy. • Susceptible to corrosion. Metals can be divided into two; Ferrous and Non-ferrous. Ferrous…

reduced gradually. But at present days, due to importance of reducing the weight of car components boosted for renewed interest in the use of magnesium. Magnesium is an important engineering metallic material having melting point of $648.8^{o}$C that is having wide usage in automobile and other industry. It is having 2/3 rd density of aluminum with superior properties such as good machinability, good forgability and high weldability. It is being extensively used in aluminum, zinc, and manganese…

The word crucible has three defintions. The first defintion is a pot which, because it can withstand great heat, is used to melt iron and other metals. The second definition is a severe test or hard trial. The third definiton is an adjective used to describe a very high grade of steel. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, John Proctor fits all three of the definitions of the word crucible. The first definition of the word crucible is a pot which, because it can withstand great heat, is used…

The Mt. Isa Mine is a deposit of copper, lead and zinc. It is located at latitude 20∘44’S, longitude 139∘29’E and is in Queensland (Forrestal, 1990). Generally, this ore deposit contained 123 g/t copper, 5.0% lead and 7.0% zinc at 4.8 Mt. The host rock of this deposit consists of pyritic shale, carbonaceous shale, dolomitic siltstone, carbonate, granite, ironstone and metasedimentary cover rocks (Hutton et al. 2012). Deposit genesis The ore deposit genesis is considered to have occurred in…