\par Magnesium: As aluminum has been established as a leading role in automotive industry, the use of magnesium in automobile applications is yet limited. Magnesium exhibits a poor formability whereas aluminum has superior formability at room temperature. The main features of ductile magnesium alloys are that they have homogeneous microstructure which is free of brittle inter-metallic particles and having uniform plastic deformation promoted by its grain size as well as its crystallographic texture \cite{hirsch2013superior}. Magnesium was even used widely in World War I and in World War II for nuclear and military aircraft applications. Later its usage in military and other applications were reduced gradually. But at present days, due to importance
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\end{itemize}
\subsection{Formability of Light Weight Metals at Warm …show more content…
In deep drawing experiments with AA 5754-O, the limiting drawing ratio could be increased from 2.1 to 2.6 by heating the flange up to $250^0 $C and by cooling the punch to room temperature\cite{kurukuri2010simulation}. This leads to an increase in maximum attainable cup height by 70\%. An extra benefit of warm forming is that the stretcher lines that develop when Al or Mg alloys are deformed at room temperature do not appear at elevated temperatures. Stretch forming is a method that combines controlled tension and bending of sheet material around dies to produce accurately contoured parts. It is extensively used in the aerospace industry to form large sheet panels of mild curvature, e.g. the leading edge of a wing. A commonly used material for aircraft skins is the heat-treatable aluminum alloy AA 2024. Possible failure modes during forming of this material are necking, wrinkling, $L\ddot{u}$ders lines or orange peel. In order to avoid these failures and still achieve large deformations it is often necessary to use expensive intermediate heat treatments, especially for complex shapes. An important goal of the present industry is in production of good parts at minimal costs by minimum number of heat treatments during forming
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Formability of Light Weight Metals at Warm …show more content…
In deep drawing experiments with AA 5754-O, the limiting drawing ratio could be increased from 2.1 to 2.6 by heating the flange up to $250^0 $C and by cooling the punch to room temperature\cite{kurukuri2010simulation}. This leads to an increase in maximum attainable cup height by 70\%. An extra benefit of warm forming is that the stretcher lines that develop when Al or Mg alloys are deformed at room temperature do not appear at elevated temperatures. Stretch forming is a method that combines controlled tension and bending of sheet material around dies to produce accurately contoured parts. It is extensively used in the aerospace industry to form large sheet panels of mild curvature, e.g. the leading edge of a wing. A commonly used material for aircraft skins is the heat-treatable aluminum alloy AA 2024. Possible failure modes during forming of this material are necking, wrinkling, $L\ddot{u}$ders lines or orange peel. In order to avoid these failures and still achieve large deformations it is often necessary to use expensive intermediate heat treatments, especially for complex shapes. An important goal of the present industry is in production of good parts at minimal costs by minimum number of heat treatments during forming