Excitatory postsynaptic potential

hillock and initial segment where action potentials begin (an area called the “trigger zone”). Sometimes axons have side branches called collaterals, which usually branch off at a 90 ° angle and allow a neuron to communicate with many cells at once. Each axon branch ends in a thin extension series called telodendria, which ends at the synaptic terminals.
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Important Vocabulary (highlighted in the handout): Stimulus, neurons, dendrites, neurotransmitters, axon, myelin, action potential, graded potential, transmembrane potential, neuroglia, cerebrum, spinal cord What is the central nervous system? It’s a system which consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This system only makes up about 3% of a human’s body weight but serves a vital function, gathering information about and reacting to its environment and any stimulus. Don’t Shoot the…

bifurcates into two branches with one branch continuing to the CNS, the other innervating peripheral tissues. Action potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These bind with afferent nerves which activate corresponding receptors on the postsynaptic nerve terminals (Fishman et al., p. 29). Superficial lamina (laminae I and II) and deep laminae (lamina…

Response to Dr Foreman’s questions a. Discuss the nociceptive mechanisms, including the postsynaptic receptors of the spinal neurons, transmitters, pathways and nuclei that are activated when the injury occurs. Also include in your answer the explanation for the sharp pain and the long lasting pain that you experience with this injury. Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that are activated by noxious stimuli. These nociceptors are the free nerve endings of primary sensory…

Excitatory ion channel synapses have neuroreceptors that are Na+ channels, when Na+ channels open, depolarisation takes place. However inhibitory ion channels consist of neuroreceptors that are Cl- channels, when the chlorine anion channels open, hyperpolarisation takes place, making action potential unlikely. Non channel synapses - neuroreceptors are enzymes that are bound to the membrane. When activated…

1. A salivary gland is stimulated by its parasympathetic nerve. a) Describe the organization of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that largely acts involuntarily. It consists of nerves in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands. The main visceral activities are temperature regulation, digestion, blood pressure and genitourinary function. The second main division of the…

Potassium channels (KC) are selective transmembrane proteins that allow K+ ions flow down an electrochemical gradient across cell membrane, thus controlling plasma membrane potential in both excitable and non-excitable cells (Szabo, Zoratti&Gulbins, 2010). Evolutionarily conserved KC family is one of the larges and most diverse of ion channels (Table1). Its diversity comes not only from a large number of genes coding for main subunits (over 80 mammalian genes). Many other processes such as…

Our logic for choosing kinesin for developing CNS therapeutics is based upon our own research, which found that kinesins are transcriptionally upregulated during memory storage and that they are both necessary and sufficient to induce long-term memory storage (LTM) in the marine snail, Aplysia californica (Puthanveettil et al., 2008; Fig 1). Furthermore, other researchers have also discovered that an increase in specific kinesin function in the mouse forebrain improves working memory (Wong et al…

intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections” [5] where as a glial cell is a support cell that surrounds and insulates some structures of the neuron. This essay is mainly going to focus in detail on neurons, their basic structure and how they communicate. It is going to explore how an electrical signal is passed on…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1869 discovered Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (The ALS Association, 2015). ALS is more commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease after Lou Gehrig, a great American baseball player whose career unfortunately ended abruptly due to this incurable degenerative disease. ALS is the deterioration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord that leads to muscle weakness. This significant decrease in muscle strength eventually…