Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Bouncy balls bounce because the material of the ball is extremely elastic and can convert kinetic energy from falling into potential energy and back into kinetic energy again with little loss of momentum. They are used in many classrooms because they can easily demonstrate conservation of momentum through a highly elastic collision. Like many things made out of rubber, bouncy balls have very high elasticity, meaning they rapidly return to their resting state after being stretched or squashed. If…

Hormones operate using a type of mechanism. Releasing these hormones can trigger actions in particular target cells. One receptor on the cell membrane binds to one type of hormone. The binding hormones change the shape of the receptor, which causes the response to the hormone. Through the process of steroid hormone action, the hormone goes through a certain process of two steps. The hormone binds to receptors on the nuclear membrane once it is inside the cell that produces an…

captured by the water. Literature Review Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The kinetic energy of an object is energy that is being used. Potential energy is stored energy that it is not in motion, but has the potential to be in motion. There are other types of potential energy like gravitational, elastic, and chemical. “Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position or height. The energy is stored…

temperature, and circuits that allow your body to move and function. The nervous system at both a cellular and organizational level. Neurons are the primary cells of the nervous system, propagating impulses through both electric and chemical means action potentials and synaptic transmission, respectively. Neurons can be grouped together to form nerves, which are the primary organizational structures in one major branch of the nervous system, the peripheral nervous system. This is in contrast to…

Membrane Potential in the RMP The membrane potential in the Resting Membrane Potential, or the RMP, is the little bit of voltage or electrical potential going across from the membrane of its regular resting voltage. This is caused because of gradients that make the ions go across the membrane of a cell through ion channels because ions are not soluble so they have to go through channels. These channels are called ion channels that are watery pores allowing ions to get through according to their…

Music is a part of our everyday lives. We listen to music to focus or feel energized when we work, exercise, and go to lively events. In other cases, we use music to relax or clear our minds. In each situation, we are pacing ourselves with the tempo of the songs that we are listening to. Music actually has underlying effects on our bodies that we are not conscious of. When listening to music, the autonomic nervous system and respiratory system are affected. As we receive auditory information…

If muscle membrane potentials vary as a function of ionic composition of the extracellular solution, changes in [K+]o should alter VM values. Moreover, EK, given by the Nernst equation, should accurately predict changing VM values. As extracellular potassium concentration is systematically increased, membrane voltage should be rendered more positive (less negative). Indeed, if [K+]i is 140 mM (according to Bernstein’s model), extracellular [K+] much smaller than 140 mM (e.g., 5.4 mM, 10 mM)…

As with the male counterpart, the ovaries are derived from the genital ridge later descending to their final position in the pelvis. In adults, the ovaries have an ovoid shape and are usually 3-5cm long. They are a layered structure with an outer layer germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex and medulla that is innermost (fig. 1). Although now challenged by recent discoveries (1), the germinal epithelium; a continuation of the peritoneum, is inaptly named due the mistaken belief that germ…

Hersheypark inside the water park. The roller coaster, is filled with many twists, turns, and loops. This roller coaster is not just any roller coaster, it has a fabulous view of the whole park. The tallest point on this ride, where you feel the highest potential energy, is over 4,586 feet tall. This ride is over four football fields long!! While you are waiting in line you can see that the cars have three rows and in each row there are eight seats. The coaster cars you see as the buckles come…

At the spinal level, the PNS and CNS are bilaterally symmetrical. And studies have shown that the two sides of the spinal cord are not independent due to the findings that unilateral peripheral nociception results in contralateral responses (Koltzeburg, 1999). The contralateral pain was perceived at a lesser magnitude and has a delayed response. This contralateral pain phenomenon can be attributed to a similar pathway as central sensitization leading to secondary hyperalgesia. Primary…