Diffraction grating

Joseph von Fraunhofer was a German optician and physicist who discovered and influenced how astronomers view the dark line spectrum, the spectrum of the sun and the diffraction of light. His discoveries turned him as a glassmaker with humble beginnings into a scientists whose discoveries would allow scientists after him to calculate the distances of stars and lead them to recognize that the universe is expanding. On March 6, 1787 in Straubing, Bavaria, Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer was born into a poor family where his father Franz Xaver Fraunhofer was a watch glass maker. At the age of 10, Joseph’s mother, Maria Anna Frohlich passed away, only a year after his father’s death. This left Fraunhofer orphaned and forced to start working as an…

mechanical, chemical or electrical properties of the chosen materials. In this work, the prepared samples are studied using various techniques given below. • Powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) • Ultraviolet –Visible spectrometry(UV) • Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) • Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) 1.8.1 Powder XRD analysis (PXRD) The structural information of the prepared samples is examined through powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray crystallography is a tool, which is used to identify…

This was when there were a series of different light bulbs that had to be observed on, off, and though a diffraction grating. (Sanders, 2). The other part of this section that was not described in Table 5 was the part with the array of LED lights. The observations were made through a diffraction grating as well and the light that was visible was in a continuous fashion.  Let’s start with discussing the difference between experimental and calculated values of the wavelengths. In just about every…

into screw-capped glass scintillation vials and stored in a desiccator containing silica gel at 20 ± 2 ºC and 36 ± 2% relative humidity until used. The process yield of the produced powders was calculated using the following formula. Process yield (%)=(Mass of the powder obtained (mg) )/(Total solid content of each formulation (mg))×100 (1) Estimation of drug content by HPLC analysis Approximately 5 mg of spray-dried powder sample was dissolved in 100 mL of suitable solvent (kanamycin in…

The diffraction pattern was scanned over 2 range of 3 to 50o at a scanning rate of 1o/min. The relative degree of crystallinity (RDC) was calculated to determine the degree of drug crystallinity in formulation compared to pure drug, by using the following equation18. (Maulvi et al., 2011) EXM…

Lab 4: Crystal Structure and X-Ray Diffraction of Materials Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to study the relationship between the geometry of a sample and its diffraction patterns through an exploration of reciprocal space. In this experiment, both a single crystal piece of Si with a (004) reflection plane and a Si powder sample are scanned, as well as the peaks the locations of the diffraction peaks on the single crystal. The collected data is then analyzed to determine the…

that the hydrogen bonding behaviour of Isonicotinamide is of interest since different polymorphs exhibited different hydrogen bonding and molecular orientation. This present work however focuses on the qualitative phase identification and crystal structure analysis of Isonicotinamide nucleated from solvent ethanol. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) technique has been employed in this identification and analysis. The Cambridge Structure database (CSD) software has been used extensively in this…

isomers and how their involvement in the reactions of haloalkanes. Optical Isomers Optical isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but they differ in the manner they rotate a plane polarized light. Plane polarized light formation takes place when an ordinary light passes through a Nicol prism thereby causing diffraction and resulting in the formation of a single wavelength light. This light of the…

He also discovered a method of drawing Tangents to curves geometrically, without previous calculations. He created a rule for the direct and inverse method of tangents, which stands upon the same principle with that fluxions,and differs not much from it in the manner of application. James also invented the series for the length of the arc of a circle from the tangent, and also for secant and logarithmic tangent and secant. In 1671, he established a theorem: =tan -(1/3) tan3 + (1/5) tan5 -...…

are hardly visible. They are transparent, diploblastic, radially symmetrical hermaphrodites. Even though these animals have the name “Jelly” in them, they are not identical to the Jelly Fish, although there are some morphological similarities. First, they come from two different phylum’s; Jelly Fish Cnidaria and Comb Jelly Ctenophora Second, Jelly Fish have an aboral sense organ and colloblasts (sticky cells), whereas the Jelly Fish has nematocytes (stinging cells); making the Comb Jelly…