Cranial nerves

Spina bifida is a neural tube defect in which parts of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and meninges) do not properly form during embryonic development. It can affect both motor and sensory functions, due to injured spinal nerves. There are four types of spina bifida, ranging from benign to severe. The first type is occulta. It is the most common type and is due to a malformation of one or more vertebrae. It is not a severe type of spina bifida and usually doesn’t cause any…

sensory nerve cells and support cells. There are millions of nerve cells in the human body that control just about every move you make, the human brain alone carries about 100 billion neurons. Every neuron…

Body Planes, Regions, Cavities, and Directional Terms The fundamentals of learning the body in the medical field are body planes, regions, cavities, and directional terms. First up are the body planes, which the definition of a body plane is simply a two-dimensional surface. The dimensions of the body plane are both of length and of width and the body planes are used to describe the different locations that are located in the body or are just used for the point of location. There are three…

words, being able to experience the real world is one of the marvelous opportunities that we have. This phenomenon starts with light getting in contact with the cornea continuing to the back of the eyes, to the retina, before light goes to the optic nerve and end up in the brain. This process appears to be simple; nevertheless, each little section of the eyes plays a huge role in perception and become indispensable for accurate vision. For example, in the retina alone, rods and cones play a big…

Amy’s Lesson Plan Integumentary - This system is responsible for your skin, hair, and nails. Although all important, your skin helps protect our bodies from bacteria and unknown pathogens. Regulating our temperature is one of the primary functions of the skin, as well as helping our bodies discard waste through sweat. Skeletal - Your skeletal system consists of cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, which help connect all your bones and hold them in place. Your skeletal system is also responsible…

HPI: 21 year old female with past medical history of glaucoma presents to the ED today for an allergic reaction. Patient has a rash all over her body and states the rash started 3 hours ago. She states she started Amoxicillin a week ago due to acute otitis media infection. She was given a course of Amoxicillin for 7 days, with today being her last day. She was at her PCP’s office later today and received a cortisone injection with Benadryl 30 mins prior to arrival and states she has a burning…

The best course of action for this appointment is to get signed consent to obtain the patient's medical records from the other providers where she used to live. Obtaining the records will help the current provider have an overall picture of what all has already been diagnosed for the patient and the treatments that she has received in the past. The next step would be to complete as thorough as a history as possible to gain as much information on the patient and her history since birth. The…

Our patient had orthostatic hypotension, likely due to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and not autonomic dysfunction due to its acute presentation. Although, autonomic dysfunction related orthostatic hypotension could be due to his diabetes, anemia, small Left Cerebellar Infarct, HTN, or diuretic, betablockers, antihypertensive medications. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance can cause anemia and hyponatremia, and can be caused by adrenal insufficiency, diuretics, beta blockers, antihypertensive…

numerous cortical areas also are involved in the regulation of swallowing, including the thalamus, sensorimotor cortex, supplemental motor cortex, insula, basal ganglia, putamen, globus pallidus, and anterior cingulate gyrus. In addition, several cranial nerves are involved in swallowing, including the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal. Therefore, both the CNS and the PNS are involved in swallowing. Individuals may have problems in any or all four of the phases of…

Every year one in six Americans get food poisoning . Food poisoning occurs due to the contamination of food through microorganisms. Botulism is a form of food poisoning caused by the microorganism Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive bacterium, bacillus in shape, and is an obligate anaerobe.1 The bacterium can produce endospores, making it resistant to microbial control methods. Clostridium botulinum survives in nonliving reservoirs1 . It is commonly found in soil and…