Bivalves

Literature Review of Class Bivalves 1. Introduction Freshwater and marine bivalves Taxonomy, ecological value, economical value, current Issues, current threats 2. Taxonomy According to Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the Bivalves class was divided into six subclasses which cover 13 orders. The first subclass, Palaeotaxodonta, have characteristics such as small body, taxodont, protobranch, infaunal and aragonitic shells. This subclass has only one order, Nuculoida. In the second subclass Cryptodonta, there are two orders, Solemyoida and Praecardoida. The main feature of this subclass same with previous subclasses except the absence of tooth (dysodont). Subclass Pteriomorpha includes order Arcoida, Mytiloida and Pterioida which is heterogeneous. The shell made from calcites or aragonite. Paleoheterodonta as the fourth subclasses have mostly aragonitic basic shells includes order Modiomorphoida, Unioidia, and Trigonoida. Order Unioidia is known as freshwater bivalves. The fifth subclass, Heterodonta, mostly has a shells made of aragonites. The crossed-lamellar shells feature in these subclasses is a morphology adaptation as filter feeder. Veneroida, Myoida, and Hipputitoida are the…

A bivalve is a category of marine and freshwater molluscs and can be located in the deepest depths of the ocean to shallow streams. Bivalves are easily identified due to the distinct quality of two shells attached by a muscular hinge. They can reach a length of 13cm but are often only reach a percentage of that length. Mytilus trossulus are filter feeders and can filter an average of 340 liters of seawater a day (Wildish, 1990). Therefore, blue mussels have a highly efficient method of…

The smashers are all members of Gonodactylidac and others species which generally their prey on armored animal such as crabs, snails, bivalves and even their species. Size is not an issue to the smasher for example, Gonodactylids stun and crush hard-shield crabs equal to or larger than themselves (Caldwell, 1975). Capabilities of the smashers are also known to kill another member of their species with a single blow. The smasher actually are opposite of the spearers because the smasher species…

the oceans, the role of sharks is to keep other marine life in healthy balance and to regulate the oceans. Remove sharks and that balance is seriously upset. Studies are already indicating that regional elimination of sharks can cause disastrous effects including the collapse of fisheries and the death of coral reefs. One study indicates that the elimination of sharks resulted in the destruction of the shellfish industry in waters off of the Mid-Atlantic due to unchecked population growth of…

economy of shellfishing Shellfishing and aquaculture have been an important part of the culture and economy of Cape Cod for many years. Shellfishing is a major contributor to Massachusetts economy, and Cape Cod’s coastal economy also relies on recreational and commercial shellfishing, as well as the tourist and seafood industries (Ensuring a Shellfish Future, Maggio, 2015). On Cape Cod, the commercial shellfish aquaculture supports 1,400 jobs, 17,000 recreational harvesters (Legere, 2015) is…

negatively affect shellfish, and the warming of the ocean waters could lead to a redistribution of bivalve species (Brennessel, 2008). Warmer ocean temperatures will also increase the incidence of a seafood associated illness caused by a bacteria called Vibrio that becomes an issue in warmer waters and would cause the shellfish to be unsellable (Brunnessel, 2008). New predators and invasive species may also migrate into the warmer waters (Brunnessel,…

Technique of Saline Infusion Sonohysterography (SIS): The 3D- sonohysterography was scheduled in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle (day one post menstrual). Antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory were given for the patients 30 minutes before the procedure. The procedure was done in dorsal lithotomy position , the uterine cervix was cleaned with antiseptic solution (povidine –iodine) after insertion of standard bivalve speculum standard bivalve speculum , The upper cervical lip…

Sharks are an essential part of the largest ecosystem on the planet and help maintain the balance of life in all the oceans. If we allow shark finning to continue, we condemn sharks to extinction. Not only are we hunting down these magnificent creatures for fin soup, but we are also condemning ourselves in the process. Sharks are a vital part to the ecosystem, they are apex predators and play a major role as ecological stabilizers in our ocean. In the article “Shark Finning: Sharks Turned Prey”…

Many deep sea organisms feed by using a method known as filter feeding to separate food particles from water. This is typically done by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure in their body, capturing all the nutrients. The category of filter feeders include a wide range of animals such as bivalves, sponges, barnacles, and some types of snails and fish. Filter feeders does not only exist in the deep, but can also exist in the shallow and on land. Baleen whales and flamingos also…

Did you know that Dumbo Octopus is located at the bottom of every ocean in the world? The Dumbo Octopus is located in the deep depths in oceans, and rarely gets any sunlight since it lives so deep. The Dumbo Octopus is rarely seen, and that’s why only very few people know about it. Dumbo Octopuses live in the deep depths in the New Zealand, Australia, Monterey Bay in California, in the waters of Oregon and the Philippines, as well as Papua, and New Guinea. The Dumbo Octopus lives in the depths…