Behaviorism

components could impact physical symptoms of loss of movement, as demonstrated in the Anna O case. The behaviourist approach has additionally been connected in this present reality in the treatment of phobias and education. Classical conditioning has been connected to methodical desensitisation, and this has been useful in helping individuals manage fears. The principles of the Operant conditioning have been applied in education, serving to underlie successful teaching. Positive feedback and…

There was unorthodox experiment that was conducted to exposing a little baby boy named Albert to a series of stimuli which included with a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc. At no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. (Watson & Rayner 1920). So the next attempt was when Albert was exposed to a rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. Naturally, Albert began to cry after hearing…

CBT is based on two specific tasks: cognitive restructuring, in which the therapist and patient work together to change thinking patterns, and behavioral activation -- in which patients learn to overcome obstacles to participating in enjoyable activities. CBT focuses on the immediate present: what and how a person thinks more than why a person thinks that way. CBT focuses on specific problems. In individual or group sessions, problem behaviors and problem thinking are identified, prioritized,…

Scientists conducted an experiment on whether or not rats show empathy. Two rats were placed in a clear box where a treat was placed on one side of the box and the rats on the other. One rat was allowed to move freely while the other was restrained, but could be released if the other rat pushed the button to do so. As no one expected, the rat freed his companion rather than keeping the treat all for himself. There is much debate on if animals have feelings and if they contain the amount of…

The Positive Behavior Intervention System applies the use of operant conditioning, a term established by B.F. Skinner. Operant conditioning, “is the study of reversible behaviors maintained by reinforcement schedules” (Staddon & Cerutti, 2002). In his study, Skinner tested hungry rats with a reinforcer of food. During the study he found that the rats learned that if they pressed on the lever, they would receive food (positive reinforce) (Staddon & Cerutti, 2002). On the contrary, if they did not…

Martin Seligman: Learned Helplessness Martin E. P. Seligman is the Leadership Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. He teaches a course called Positive Psychology that studies character traits, positive emotions, and intuitions of humans. Seligman believes that Positive Psychology can make the world a better place if people are were aware of its benefits. Seligman's overall goal is to train other psychological professionals about the importance of his positive…

Applied Behavioural Analysis aims to improve social behaviours by using interventions that are based on the principles of learning theories that have been tested in different experiments using reliable and objective measurements. As we have read the methods used intend to support people with autism, Down syndrome, anxiety disorders, learning disorders and ADHD. ABA is applied in by trying to increase behaviours or social interactions, by learning new life/communications/social skills, by…

Kyle Horne April 1 2016 1001 Khorne Do Pigeons Already Generalize, or did they Just Want Food? Summary An experiment was performed in order to test role of concept learning in pigeons. This experiment used contextual cueing, a non differential reinforcement procedure that involves low-level supervision, to test concept learning in pigeons, rather than a differential reinforcement procedure, which involves high-level supervision.The experiment involved pigeons pecking at a target stimulus when…

Briefly describe the essential features of the RNR model and the GLM and analyze their strengths. When reviewing the Risk-Need-Responsivity model (RNR), there are three main principles. These principles are the risk principle, the need principle, and responsibility principle. The risk principle states the treatment plan must match the level of service to the sex offender’s risk to re-offend (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). The need principle states that the psychologist must assess criminogenic needs…

Ambiguous figures consist of two perceivable images in one image. For example, you may see a woman looking into a vanity or a skull. For ambiguous figures, what a viewer perceives depends on the context and the features presented, which includes top-down and bottom-up processes (Treisman & Gelade, 1980; Kersten et. al, 2004). Perception of such ambiguous figures can be affected through priming, where exposure to one stimulus leads to a response to another stimulus (Ballets & Dale, 2007; Bugelski…