Anthozoa

Over the past decade the accounts of various coral diseases have been on the rise which had lead to the decimation of keystone species of corals throughout mainly the world’s tropical oceans. Since the mid-1990s, 18 coral diseases affecting at least 150 scleractinian, gorgonian, and hydrozoan zooxanthellate species have been described in the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific (Sutherland et al. 2004). Most of these diseases have been caused by bacterial, fungal, and protist type pathogens as well the increased sea temperatures, pollution, and eutrophication. Sutherland et al. says that it is estimated that worldwide 27% of coral reefs have been lost with 16% at serious risk and the corals exhibiting diseases have increased 218% between 1996 and 2000 alone (2004). With the increasing amounts of disease, some of which are genera specific, many areas are left in total devastation and in need of conservation and better understanding of the underlying causes. White Band Disease (WBD) has been observed in the Red Sea and Philippines, which is the first record for the disease in the Indo-Pacific region where the effects of the disease are most severe among Acroporidae (Antonius 1985). Although it is not infectious it is still causing major declines in the acroporid corals that it infects. Around 2-42% of acroporid colonies have been affected by WBD, which is characterized by a white band of bare calcium carbonate skeleton which often shows the presence of bacterial aggregates (Peter et al.…

sperm while the female aurelia produces an ovum. When the sperm managed to fertilize the ovum then formed a zygote, this zygote then undergoes self-pembehana several times to form a spherical cell called blastula. Blastula then grows into a ciliated larvae. This larva will find the right place to grow into a polyp. The polyps then grow steadily until they expand and form new buds called strobilization). Over time buds will release one by one into the water into efira, efira then turned into…

Ceramika Bringing nature into your home is as simple as adding accessories that are inspired by nature, whether objects from land, air and sea. With a Ceramika product in the mix, any interior can look like the outdoor without looking too outdoorsy. Want a piece of the ocean in your home? The Anthozoa by Ceramika resembles an underwater plants, which you don’t need to fish out of the water. The Ceramika History Founded as a manufacture of art and design in 1987, Ceramika is the brainchild of…

most primitive of animals were determined by the morphological traits of symmetry, tissues, body cavity, embryological development, and molecular evidence. [1] Symmetry and tissues are major determinants in the differentiation of clades. Ancestral forms exhibit no symmetry and no tissue. Over time, radial symmetry arose along with diploblastic tissue followed by bilateral symmetry with triploblastic tissues. [2] Symmetry and tissue are the traits responsible for the distinction between…

Subsequently, other families of GFP variants were discovered and GFP mutants were engineered. These families of GFP-like proteins were discovered in a class of non-bioluminescent Anthozoa (corals). These GFP-like variants have differing properties with regards to chromophore, excitation and emission wavelengths (Tsien & Tsien, 1998) e.g. red & later in other coral species - yellow, cyan and orange. The only other species that fluoresces green is Renilla reniformis (Matz et al., 1999).…

different type as they progress to adulthood. Chapter 3: Invertebrates Chapter 3: Invertebrates (cont.) Cnidarians Cnidarians have bodies clearly divided into two cellular layers, each layer one-cell thick. The outer layer of cells is the ectoderm and the inner layer is the endoderm. The individual cells of the ectoderm are specialized for protection, secretion, defense and cell replacement. The endoderm is specialized for digestion, absorption and assimilation of food. When food or an enemy…

Introduction Marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa are known as Corals. These diverse organisms give quite a show in the shallow clear parts of the ocean. Corals live closely together in groups expressing their bright colors that stand out so nicely. Many people consider coral reefs to be very diverse and productive than anything on land. Their skeleton is made out of calcium carbonate protecting them from future encounters with predators. Many more coral polyps then can attach themselves…