com) (Sept.17, 2012). Breast cancer is a reference to malignant tumors that have developed within the tissues and cells of the breast. Breast cancer does not only affect women it has been known to affect men as well. So, in speaking of breast cancer, this means that it can start in the cells of the lobules, (milk-producing glands), or in the ducts (the passages of which milk is drained from the lobules to the nipples). There is also a chance that breast cancer can start within the stoma tissues
0 and 3.0 centimeters (Majure 40). Once a lump size has been determined, a female needs to visit her doctor. Doctors discuss a large amount of general breast cancer terms such as Carcinoma which is a cancer that begins in the skin or tissues that line the inside or cover the outside of internal organs (“What is” par.11), Adenocarcinoma is a cancer originating in glandular tissue (tissue that makes and secretes a substance). This is also part of a larger tissue category known as epithelial. Epithelial
stage.3 When analysing the program adopted for breast cancer screening the benefits are always weighed against the harm caused by the procedure. The most prominent of these is overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis occurs when a mammogram finds “cancers and cases of DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) that will never cause symptoms or threaten a woman’s life”4 leading to unnecessary treatment that causes adverse effects to the individual involved such as cancer therapy.4 False- positives are another area of concern
determine if you have breast cancer. Several tests may take place such as: CT scan, to see if cancer has spread; a Mammography, to screen for cancer or identify the breast lump; breast biopsy, using a needle to draw fluid and tissue from the lump; or a Sentinel lymph node biopsy, to see if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. Once you have been diagnosed with breast cancer, you and your doctor will put a treatment plan together tailored to your situation. The goal is to kill the cancer cells and reduce
type of breast cancer starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the nipple. It may also spread to the areola (the dark circle around the nipple). The skin of the nipple usually appears crusted, scaly, and red, with areas of itching, oozing, burning, or bleeding. Using the fingertips, a lump may be detected within the breast. Paget disease may be associated with DCIS or with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. It accounts for about 1% of female breast cancers and a higher percentage of male breast cancers
-tumor is between 2-5cm and cancer has spread to 1-3 lymph nodes -tumor is larger than 5cm but has not spread to lymph nodes Stage 3: Also divided into subcategories. 3A -no tumor found but 4-9 lymph nodes are cancerous -tumor larger than 5cm and breast cancer cells are found on lymph nodes -tumor larger than 5cm and cancer spread to lymph nodes near breast bone 3B -tumor may be any size and has spread to the chest and/or skin. Up to 9 lymph nodes are cancerous 3C -tumor
Common risk factors for breast cancer can range from one’s age to diet and lifestyle. Majority of women are diagnosed over the age of sixty five. For men and women being obese can also play a major role in getting diagnosed with breast cancer. With being obese or overweight means that there is a lack of activity. “A diet in high saturated fat and alcoholic intake of more than two drinks per day can increase the chances of getting diagnosed with the breast cancer disease.”(www.nationalbreastcancer
view on breast cancer. Before reading the article I was under the impression that breast cancer today was not a very dangerous cancer and was easily curable as long as you caught it early. I would see the pink cleats, gloves, and mouthpieces in the NFL games and just think that it was mainly for show. But after seeing that 50,000 women die from breast cancer each year in our day and age made me realize that that is not the case and that number was even more devastating during the 1800’s. Cancer is a
Lesbians are four times less likely than heterosexual women to have had a mammogram. Running Head: ELDERLY LESBIANS AND BREAST CANCER 3 Some lesbians are also at increased risk for breast cancer related to higher alcohol intake and nulliparity (Barnes, 2012). Age-related changes among lesbians In aging women, frequency of ovulation diminishes and menstrual cycles become shorter and irregular. Hormonal changes also occur, as post-menopausal women produce approximately 90% less estrogen (Miller
formation of tumors. Even so, proto-oncogenes are rarely involved in breast cancer and other hereditary cancers. The second class of regulatory genes, tumor suppressor genes, code for proteins that restrict uncontrollable cell growth. They can be inactivated through loss of expression, deletion, or mutation. Such mutations have the ability to be passed from generation to generation, producing an inherited susceptibility to cancer. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are believed to be of this second type, tumo r
half but they don’t come without their own risk are not widely practiced. Therefore, primary prevention which is now evolving itself to include cancer screening, imaging, pathalogial findings and level od suspicion etc along with computer programs and special algorithms can help reduce the chances and early detection. The trends show that breast cancer has been on the rise and many people don’t have access to treatment and affordability is another factor. Between 1975 to 1990 it increases and
deciding to have children later in life and this is a risk that they are willing to take to have children. Obesity is not only a risk for cancer but many other diseases such as, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stoke. Obese individuals are encouraged to eat a healthy diet and get plenty of exercise. When a spouse or partner is diagnosed with cancer the other spouse may react in many different ways. Some spouses may choose to treat their spouse as if nothing has changed when another
then moves on to discussion of self-examination as a preventative method that, along with mammograms, has assisted in decreasing the percentage of cancers found by women from 80% to 35% today (McCaskill p. 34). However, African American women are still the least likely to participate in these detection measures, thus lessening the likelihood that cancer will be found early enough to reduce the likelihood of mortality. The health belief model weighs heavily into this discussion as well, because
passed on through generations. This is why having a previous family history of breast cancer can increase the risk factor for women, and is an essential indicator for those women to become increasingly aware of potential warning signs. While age, gender, and personal family history are uncontrollable factors, there are lifestyles and environment factors that women can control that inadvertently affect her chances of breast cancer. Such factors include consuming alcohol, obesity and overall leading a relatively
following hypothesis shows that ovarian cancer, most often, is caused by the glandular epithelial cells, which produce hormones. Therefore, a violation of hormonal regulation leads to the changes of malignant epithelial cells. Ovarian cancer often develops in the presence of chronic inflammation, benign tumors or ovarian cysts. (Jordan, S., Green, A., & Webb, P., 2006, p. 109-116). Risk factors It is difficult enough to determine the risk factors for ovarian cancer. However, it is believed that the
most promising and controversial benefit of marijuana in cancer is the treatment of cancer itself. Major cancer organizations – including the NCI and Cancer Research UK now have large sections of their website dedicated to the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in fighting cancer. Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, has gone on record stating “It’s time for a medical marijuana revolution.” He also announces the importance of cancer patients as well as the government to be more educated
the drink I offered her, and almost whimpered when she lay. “I’m sorry for the mess. I love you baby, to the moon and back.” She squeezed my hand, then drifted off to sleep. This was my first experience with cancer. My mom was diagnosed with stage 4 invasive tubular carcinoma of the left breast October 5, 2011 at the young age of 48. That day has forever changed our lives, our whole family. I still sit next to her on the edge of the bed as she sleeps. She’s bald now, she had me shave her head in
Which shows you that diet plays some part in it. Alcohol and smoking also put people in risk of it. BREAST CANCER: · Is the most common cancer affecting women in affluent countries. · The number of children and the diet are linked to breast cancer. COLO-RECTAL CANCER: · Occurs mainly in industrial countries. · Lack of fibre in diets has been linked to colo-rectal cancer. CANCER OF THE CERVIX: · Occurs mostly in countries where women live in poor conditions. · Good diet
Lung cancer is a major cause of death in both developing and developed countries 6. Globally, women have lower incidence rate of 12.1 per 100,000 compared to men, 35.5 per 100,0009. The most current data on lung cancer in the United States from 2005 shows that for all persons, lung cancer was responsible for more deaths than breast cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer combined. 83.9% of men and 77.4% of women diagnosed with lung cancer died from the disease in 2005. 10 In developing countries
By supporting usual cell functioning, the factors assisting to the development and development of cancer are declined. investigations have illustrated that plant chemicals present in cranberries are active in some cancer cell lines, encompassing hormonal cancers such as breast cancer and prostate cancer as well as very widespread cancers including lung cancer and colon cancer. This may be due to the occurrence of little amounts of resveratrol and pterostilbene which defend DNA and therefore prolong
neo-adjuvant therapy which is where hidden cancer cells, that break off tumor and flow in bloodstream, are killed by this therapy [ (Learn About Cancer, 2010) ]. Bone cancer is another form of cancer that I find to worry me. Just like breast cancer the exact cause of bone cancer is not yet known, but scientists have found that this cancer is associated with a number of other conditions. Some of the causes could be: genetics (DNA), exposure to radiation, or cancer-causing chemicals, but more often than
colon cancer. The symptoms are as follows: coughing up blood, changes in a chronic cough, slight shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing, loss of weight, pain in your joints, and headaches. According to the American Cancer Society, men have a higher death rate of lung cancer and a higher rate of colon cancer.1 118,080 fourteen percent of men die a year of lung cancer while 110,110; fourteen percent of women die a year from the disease. 73,680, nine percent of men each year die of colon cancer as 69
If it activates at wrong time or place cancer will begin to develop. 2) Tumor Suppressor- gene fails to perform its normal function to suppress tumor formation. a. Example Brca 1 Brca 2 3) Carcinogens- Direct carcinogens such as gasoline or direct exposure to ultraviolet light. 4) Procarcinogens- safe outside the body, but metabolized into carcinogens inside the body. a. Example: cigarette tar 5) Promotor- Agents that make carcinogens more powerful. a. Example: Alcohol, cigarette
gynecologist with lumps in her breasts. Further interview revealed that the lumps were sometimes associated with premenstrual tenderness and fullness. Ms. Golitz's probable diagnosis is the common benign condition known as: | | | | | | | | Fibrocystic disease | | | Glandular tumors | | | Mammary tumors | | | Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | | | | | | Question 20 | 1 points | Save | | Ms. Golitz's mammography ruled out carcinoma of the breast. Mammography is: |
breastfeeding is just as healthy for mother as for babies. Just like babies, there are many short and long term health benefits for mothers. The suckling of the baby releases oxytocin from the mother’s pituitary gland that releases signals to the breast to release milk, but it also produces contractions in the uterus that prevent postpartum hemorrhage and promote the uterus to return to the no pregnant state (Dermer 2001). The production of milk is a metabolic process; it uses 200 to 500 calories
antigens. So one of the major points that make peptide vaccine a good candidate in immunotherapy is that Tumour associated antigens (TAA) are CTL epitopes. CD8+ T cells or Cytotoxic T lymphocyte are primary effector cells involved in destruction of cancer cells i.e. in tumour regression. CTLs recognize and destroy target cell through
the process about why there's change to cancer cells. Before they can find out the why they cant come up with a better solution to fix it. They say that people with certain risk factors can have brain cancer. These risk factors are having jobs in places like an oil refinery, handlers of jet fuel, chemicals, chemists, embalmers,and rubber industry workers. They say that brain cancer isn’t hereditary. The risk factors that are harmful that don’t cause brain cancer is smoking, radiation exposure, and HIV
through her breast milk and may also cause upset stomach or even diarrhoea in the child as their digestive systems are weaker than that of an adult. Foods that the mother may miss out on include spicy foods and even chocolate, which can both have an adverse effect on the baby’s stomach and faeces. Breast feeding for a mother can be quite uncomfortable if doing it for the first time, as it does take a little while to get used to. The mother can become very tired and fatigued from breast feeding, as
Malignant tumors are cancer. They can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissues and organs. Cancer cells also can break away from the tumor and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis. What causes cancer of the pancreas? The causes of pancreatic cancer vary and in many cases remain unknown. However, several factors have been identified that increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The health risk factors associated with this cancer include but are not
of bone cancer. It usually develops in the cartilage of the pelvis, upper part of legs and arms, and the shoulder. Chondrosarcoma affects people from ages 50-60 years old. Ewing’s Sarcoma is a bone cancer that is known to begin in immature nerve tissue in the bone marrow. It attacks the pelvis, femur, and tibia. Ewing’s Sarcoma usually affects people from 10-20 years old. The last two types of bone cancer are Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma. Both of these types of bone cancer are very