X-ray crystallography

TITLE: QUALITATIVE PHASE IDENTIFICATION & CRYSTAL STRUSTURE ANALYSIS OF ISONICOTINAMIDE POLYMORPHS. INTRODUCTION The science of crystallography is important in stability studies and determination of solid state molecule or particles. Isonicotinamide (pyridine -4- carboxamide) is the amide form of isonicotinic acid which exists as different polymorphs. Isonicotinamide finds extensive use in the pharmaceutical industry because of its good anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic and fibrinolytic properties (Li et al. 2016). The crystal structure and polymorphs of Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been found important as one of the factors that decides the effectiveness of a drug. In recent times, the stability and aqueous solubility…

electrical properties of the chosen materials. In this work, the prepared samples are studied using various techniques given below. • Powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) • Ultraviolet –Visible spectrometry(UV) • Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) • Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) 1.8.1 Powder XRD analysis (PXRD) The structural information of the prepared samples is examined through powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray crystallography is a tool, which is used to identify the crystal structure of…

Lab 4: Crystal Structure and X-Ray Diffraction of Materials Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to study the relationship between the geometry of a sample and its diffraction patterns through an exploration of reciprocal space. In this experiment, both a single crystal piece of Si with a (004) reflection plane and a Si powder sample are scanned, as well as the peaks the locations of the diffraction peaks on the single crystal. The collected data is then analyzed to determine the…

liquid chromatography (FPLC) with immobilized metal ion affinity and size exclusion columns, and ultimately using the purified protein product in setting up crystallization screens. I was unable to obtain any crystals of hS100A7 due to the usage of the protease inhibitor cocktail AEBSF after cell lysis, which is known to interfere with protein crystallization. The next steps after storage of the frozen protein are to remove any endotoxins in the protein solution in order to be used in in vivo…

scanner Depends upon several steps:- 1-The x-ray tube and detector transverse (scan) the object. 2-The radiation beam passes through the object and is attenuated. The intensity of radiation beam from x- ray tube and transmitted beam both are detected by suitable detectors. 3-The transmitted beam and the references beam are both converted into electric signals. 4-These output current signals are then converted into digital form by analog –to-digital converter. 5-The digital data are then…

Written Exercise Paragraph 1 1. Lattice symmetry of quartz, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4: Quartz has a trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 (group no. 152). At any temperature below 980K, Iron phosphate exists as α-FePO4, which has a trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 (group no. 152) where iron, phosphate and oxygen occupy Wyckoff position 3a, 3b and 6c respectively. As the temperature rises up to and above 980K, α-FePO4 exhibits α-β transition and becomes β-FePO4 that shows…

A hero can be classified by many things. A hero can be superman, a police officer, and even your mom, but what makes a hero. Is it someone who can fly or shoot laser beams from their eyes or someone who saves a baby from a burning building. I’ll admit some of these characteristics are far-fetched since I don’t know anyone who can fly or randomly saves babies on a normal day. All heroes, including super ones all, have something in common, they're admired for their courage or an outstanding thing…

Nearly all ancient societies practiced body modification through either piercingss or tattoos. These ancient practices are becoming ever more present in our modern Canadian society, especially tattoos. One writer says, “Permanent tattooing is the process of body modification by deposition of a pigment into the dermis” (Simunovic and Shinohara 525). In the past three decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become increasingly popular in the medical field. Magnetic resonance imaging is a…

allowing for organelles, such as mitochondria, to be seen in detail for the first time. Unlike light microscopy, TEM uses a beam of electrons, denoted as a cathode ray, to scan samples. While the traditional optical microscope is restricted in resolution by the wavelength of…

energy that the sun’s core presents, and the atoms in each consecutive level of our star as the light attempts to outflow. “together these efforts channeled the combined expertise of dozens of astronomers, computational physicists, and atomic physicists into diving with unprecedented precision how atoms in the layers of the sun and other stars interact with the light trying to escape” (James). In 2003, Yu had taken his career to join forces with prestige medical physicists; however, he sustained…